φαίνω Ancient Greek · revision 3196

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Homer, Iliad|origins=ine-pro *bʰeh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /pʰǎi̯.nɔː/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈɸɛ.no/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈfe.no/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''φαίνω''' (phaínō) ^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|grk-pro|*pʰáňňō]], [[inh|ine-pro|*bʰh₂-n-yé-ti]], a present with a nasal and the suffix ⟨*-yé-⟩ from the root [[ine-pro|*bʰeh₂-|t=to shine]].^(Wiktionary)^(Beekes 2010) Most Greek forms are built on a stem ⟨φαν-⟩, which LIV and Beekes trace to an old nasal present ⟨*bʰ-n-(e)h₂-⟩; [[xcl|բանամ|tr=banam|t=to open, reveal]] is another such present.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)

+

+ The root without the nasal is in [[sa|भाति|tr=bhā́ti|t=shines]], and nouns with an ''n''-suffix are in [[sga|bán|t=white]] and Tocharian words for “splendour”.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Homer uses it both transitively, “to make appear, show”, as when a god shows a portent, and in the middle and passive “to appear, come to light”.^(Cunliffe 1924)^(CGL 2021)^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The active means to make visible, reveal, bring to light and make known; in Attic law it was to denounce an offender or report contraband to the authorities, and ''φαίνειν'' alone could mean “to be an informer”.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940) The middle and passive ''φαίνομαι'' means to appear, to come into being, and with an infinitive or participle to seem or to be clearly so; in Koine it is also used impersonally, “it seems”.^(Wiktionary)^(CGL 2021)^(Lust 2003) The intransitive active “to shine” is used of the sun, moon and stars, as at the creation in Genesis.^(Wiktionary)^(Lust 2003)

+

+ In the New Testament the light shines in the darkness, a star appears to the Magi, and things appear or seem.^(BDAG 2000) It is the base of [[φανερός|tr=phanerós|t=visible]], [[φάσμα|tr=phásma|t=apparition]], [[φαντασία|tr=phantasía]] and many compounds, such as [[ἐπιφαίνω|tr=epiphaínō]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) Modern Greek continues the middle as [[m|el|φαίνομαι|tr=faínomai|t=to seem]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – It is used for showing a sign and, in the passive, for appearing.^(Cunliffe 1924)^(CGL 2021)

+ * 5th century BC – Thucydides uses it of water reflecting an image.^(CGL 2021)

+ * 5th–4th century BC – Attic orators use it for denouncing offenders.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ * 3rd–1st century BC – The Septuagint uses it for the lights of heaven that shine on the earth.^(Lust 2003)

+ * 1st century AD – The New Testament uses it for light shining and a star appearing.^(BDAG 2000)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To make visible, [[m|en|show]], reveal.^(CGL 2021)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To bring to light; to expose, or ''(Attic law)'' to denounce, inform against.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ # To make known; to describe in words.^(CGL 2021)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To display a quality by one's actions.^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(of gods)'' To send a sign or portent.^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To [[m|en|shine]], give light.^(Wiktionary)^(BDAG 2000)

+ # ''(middle and passive)'' To [[m|en|appear]], come to light; to come into being.^(Wiktionary)^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(middle and passive)'' To seem, to appear to be, or ''(Koine, impersonal)'' it seems.^(Wiktionary)^(Lust 2003)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ἀναφαίνω|tr=anaphaínō]]

+ * [[ἀποφαίνω|tr=apophaínō]]

+ * [[διαφαίνω|tr=diaphaínō]]

+ * [[ἐκφαίνω|tr=ekphaínō]]

+ * [[ἐμφαίνω|tr=emphaínō]]

+ * [[ἐπιφαίνω|tr=epiphaínō]]

+ * [[καταφαίνω|tr=kataphaínō]]

+ * [[παμφαίνω|tr=pamphaínō]]

+ * [[παραφαίνω|tr=paraphaínō]]

+ * [[περιφαίνομαι|tr=periphaínomai]]

+ * [[προφαίνω|tr=prophaínō]]

+ * [[ὑπερφαίνομαι|tr=huperphaínomai]]

+ * [[ὑποφαίνω|tr=hupophaínō]]

+ * [[ἱεροφάντης|tr=hierophántēs]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ἀφανής|tr=aphanḗs]]

+ * [[προφανής|tr=prophanḗs]]

+ * [[φαεινός|tr=phaeinós]]

+ * [[φαεννός|tr=phaennós]]

+ * [[φαινόλις|tr=phainólis]]

+ * [[φανάριον|tr=phanárion]]

+ * [[φανδόν|tr=phandón]]

+ * [[φανερός|tr=phanerós]]

+ * [[φανίον|tr=phaníon]]

+ * [[φανός|tr=phānós]]

+ * [[φάσμα|tr=phásma]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}