necdum Latin · revision 31946

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=compound|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *ne, ine-pro *duh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈnɛɡ.dũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈnɛk.dum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''necdum''' (not comparable); also ''nequedum''^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+ The fuller form ''nequedum'' is rare: Plautus, Terence, Cicero, Caesar, Celsus, Tacitus and Fronto have it.^(TLL)

+ Both are also written separately, and Livy once separates them with other words in tmesis.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|nec|-dum|t1=and not|t2=still, for a while]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) The TLL, following de Vaan and Dunkel, traces the particle [[m|la|-dum]] to [[ine-pro|*duh₂-|t=far, long]], the root of [[m|la|dūdum|t=some time ago]].^(TLL)^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan takes [[m|la|neque]] from [[itc-pro|*ne-kʷe|t=and not]], [[ine-pro|*ne|t=not]] with the enclitic “and”, and [[m|la|nec]] partly as its shortened form.^(de Vaan 2008) The grammarian Priscian notes that ⟨dum⟩ after ⟨nec⟩, ⟨nōn⟩ or ⟨haud⟩ is a temporal adverb, as in [[m|la|nōndum|t=not yet]].^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL finds ''nequedum'' in Plautus, who writes of a girl who “does not yet” sleep with men, and the form ''necdum'' first in a line of Plautus' ''Pseudolus''.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As a conjunction it means “and not yet” or “but not yet”, as Cicero's “Cassius sent a silly letter, and Bibulus' had not yet arrived”.^(OLD 2012) Repeated, it means “not yet either … or”, as Virgil's men who had not yet heard war trumpets or swords ringing on anvils, and with a following ''et'' or ''-que'' it means “while not yet … yet at the same time”.^(OLD 2012) The TLL notes that ''necdum'' is frequent in verse from Catullus, Lucretius and Virgil on, often at the start of a line, and in prose from Cicero, Varro and Livy throughout Latin.^(TLL)

+

+ As a plain adverb, “not yet”, the same as ''nōndum'', it is found in Seneca the Elder, Columella and Tacitus.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) Glossaries render it with [[grc|οὐδέπω|tr=oudépō]],^(TLL) and medieval writers use it as ''nōndum''.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus has ''nequedum'' and ''necdum''.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus has ''necdum''.^(Köbler 2010)^(TLL)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it, often at the start of a line.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus as an adverb, “not yet”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # And not yet, but not yet.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Repeated: not yet either … or.^(OLD 2012)

+ # With ''et'' or ''-que'': while not yet … yet at the same time.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Not yet, the same as ''[[nondum|alt=nōndum]]''.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[neque]]

+ * [[nondum|alt=nōndum]]

+ * [[dudum|alt=dūdum]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}