ἵστημι Ancient Greek · revision 3193

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Homer, Iliad|origins=ine-pro *steh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /hís.tɛː.mi/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈis.ti.mi/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈis.ti.mi/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ῐ̔́στημῐ''' (hístēmi) ^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|grk-pro|*hístāmi]], [[inh|ine-pro|*stísteh₂ti]], the reduplicated present of [[ine-pro|*steh₂-|t=to stand, set]].^(Wiktionary)^(Beekes 2010) Beekes and Frisk note that the transitive reduplicated athematic present is limited to Greek, like [[τίθημι|tr=títhēmi]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) Indo-Iranian and Italic have thematic presents, [[sa|तिष्ठति|tr=tíṣṭhati|t=stands]] and [[la|sistō]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) The Doric form is ⟨ἵστᾱμι⟩, with the old ''ā''.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)

+

+ Other old forms are the intransitive root aorist ⟨ἔστην⟩, which matches [[sa|अस्थाम्|tr=ásthām]], the perfect ⟨ἕστηκα⟩ “I stand”, which matches [[sa|तस्थौ|tr=tastháu]] and [[la|stetī|alt=stetimus]], and the verbal adjective [[στατός|tr=statós]], which matches [[la|status]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) The transitive aorist ⟨ἔστησα⟩ is a Greek innovation.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) The root is also in [[ang|standan|t=to stand]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Homer uses both the transitive forms, “to make stand, set up, stop”, and the intransitive aorist and perfect, “to stand”.^(Beekes 2010)^(Cunliffe 1924)^(CGL 2021)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Transitively it means to make stand, to station or place, to set up a statue or a trophy, to raise, to bring to a halt, and to appoint; in the Septuagint God “establishes” a covenant, and one sets up a stone pillar or pitches a tent.^(CGL 2021)^(Lust 2003) Intransitively, in the middle and in the aorist ''ἔστην'' and perfect ''ἕστηκα'', it means to take one's stand, to stand up, to stand still, and to be standing.^(Beekes 2010)^(CGL 2021)^(Frisk 1960)

+

+ Many words come from the same root: [[στάσις|tr=stásis|t=standing, faction]], [[στήλη|tr=stḗlē|t=pillar]], [[στατήρ|tr=statḗr|t=a weight, coin]], [[σταθμός|tr=stathmós|t=standing place, weight]], [[ἱστός|tr=histós|t=mast, loom]] and [[στοά|tr=stoá|t=colonnade]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) Its present gave Byzantine ''στήνω'', and the perfect led to Modern Greek [[m|el|στέκω|tr=stéko]] “to stand”.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – It is used both for setting up and for standing.^(Beekes 2010)^(Cunliffe 1924)

+ * 5th century BC – Herodotus and the tragedians use it for setting up statues and trophies.^(CGL 2021)

+ * 4th century BC – The Attic perfect ''ἕστηκα'' is used for “I stand”.^(Beekes 2010)^(LIV 2001)

+ * 3rd–1st century BC – The Septuagint uses it for establishing a covenant.^(Lust 2003)

+ * 1st century AD – The New Testament uses it for setting and standing; the new present ''ἱστάνω'' appears.^(BDAG 2000)

+ * Byzantine period – It gives ''στήνω''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive)'' To make stand; to station, [[m|en|place]].^(CGL 2021)^(Beekes 2010)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To set up, erect a statue or a trophy; to pitch a tent.^(CGL 2021)^(Lust 2003)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To bring to a standstill, stop.^(Beekes 2010)^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To establish, confirm; to appoint.^(Lust 2003)^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(intransitive, middle, aorist ἔστην)'' To take one's stand; to stand up, arise.^(Beekes 2010)^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(perfect ἕστηκα)'' To [[m|en|stand]], be standing; to stand still.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ἀνθίστημι|tr=anthístēmi]]

+ * [[ἀνθυφίσταμαι|tr=anthuphístamai]]

+ * [[ἀνίστημι|tr=anístēmi]]

+ * [[ἀντικαθίστημι|tr=antikathístēmi]]

+ * [[ἀντικατίστημι|tr=antikatístēmi]]

+ * [[ἀντιμεθίστημι|tr=antimethístēmi]]

+ * [[ἀπανίστημι|tr=apanístēmi]]

+ * [[ἀποκαθίστημι|tr=apokathístēmi]]

+ * [[ἀφίστημι|tr=aphístēmi]]

+ * [[ἐγκαθίστημι|tr=enkathístēmi]]

+ * [[ἐνίστημι|tr=enístēmi]]

+ * [[ἐξανίστημι|tr=exanístēmi]]

+ * [[ἐξαφίσταμαι|tr=exaphístamai]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ἀντιστήκω|tr=antistḗkō]]

+ * [[ἀποκαθιστάνω|tr=apokathistánō]]

+ * [[ἄστατος|tr=ástatos]]

+ * [[ἀφιστάνω|tr=aphistánō]]

+ * [[διϊστάνω|tr=diïstánō]]

+ * [[δύστηνος|tr=dústēnos]]

+ * [[ἐξιστάνω|tr=existánō]]

+ * [[ἐφιστάνω|tr=ephistánō]]

+ * [[ἐφιστάω|tr=ephistáō]]

+ * [[καθιστάνω|tr=kathistánō]]

+ * [[στάσις|tr=stásis]]

+ * [[στήλη|tr=stḗlē]]

+ * [[στατήρ|tr=statḗr]]

+ * [[σταθμός|tr=stathmós]]

+ * [[ἱστός|tr=histós]]

+ * [[ἔκστασις|tr=ékstasis]]

+ * [[σύστημα|tr=sústēma]]

+ * [[la|sisto]]

+ * [[en|stand]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}