σβέννυμι Ancient Greek · revision 3191

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Homer, Iliad|origins=ine-pro *(s)gʷes-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /zbén.nyː.mi/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈzβen.ny.mi/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈzven.ny.mi/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''σβέννῡμῐ''' (sbénnūmi) ^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The whole verb is built on a stem ⟨σβεσ-⟩, seen in the aorist ⟨σβέσ(σ)αι⟩ and in [[ἄσβεστος|tr=ásbestos|t=unquenchable]]: the present is from ⟨*σβέσ-νυ-μι⟩.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) The intransitive aorist ⟨ἔσβην⟩ was formed later, after ⟨ἔστην⟩ and similar aorists.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) Some Hesychian glosses with ''ζ-'', such as ⟨ζείναμεν⟩ “we quench”, suggest a dialect form with ⟨σδ-⟩ from [[ine-pro|*(s)gʷes-|t=to extinguish]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)^(LIV 2001)

+

+ Cognates are [[lt|gesti|alt=gèsti|t=to go out]], [[sla-pro|*gasiti|t=to extinguish]], [[sa|जासयति|tr=jāsáyati|t=exhausts]] and Tocharian ⟨käs-⟩ “to go out”.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)^(Wiktionary) Beekes notes that if Hittite ⟨kištāri⟩ “is extinguished” belongs here, the root may rather have been ⟨*ges-⟩.^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Homer has the aorist for putting out a fire, and the intransitive aorist ⟨ἔσβη⟩ “went out”.^(Cunliffe 1924)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to quench or put out fire, and figuratively to quell anger, desire or violence; in the passive and the intransitive aorist and perfect, to go out, be extinguished.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)^(Lust 2003) In the Septuagint it is used for quenching a feeling such as love, and in the passive for being quelled.^(Lust 2003) In the New Testament the fire of Gehenna is not quenched, lamps go out for want of oil, and the Messiah does not quench the smouldering wick.^(Spicq 1994)^(BDAG 2000)

+

+ Derivatives include [[σβέσις|tr=sbésis|t=extinction]] and [[ἄσβεστος|tr=ásbestos]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) It survives as Modern Greek [[m|el|σβήνω|tr=svíno]] “to put out, switch off, erase”.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – The ''Iliad'' uses it for quenching fire.^(Cunliffe 1924)^(LSJ 1940)

+ * Before the 6th century BC – Hesiod uses the passive.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)

+ * 5th century BC – Herodotus uses it for putting out a burning object.^(LSJ 1940)

+ * 3rd–1st century BC – The Septuagint uses it of quenching love.^(Lust 2003)

+ * 1st century AD – The New Testament speaks of the unquenchable fire of Gehenna.^(Spicq 1994)^(BDAG 2000)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|quench]], put out a fire or light.^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To quell, check, as anger or a feeling.^(Lust 2003)^(BDAG 2000)

+ # ''(intransitive and passive)'' To go out, be extinguished; to become extinct.^(Beekes 2010)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ἄσβεστος|tr=ásbestos]]

+ * [[ἀνασβέννυμι|tr=anasbénnumi]]

+ * [[ἀποσβέννυμι|tr=aposbénnūmi]]

+ * [[ἐκσβέννυμι|tr=eksbénnumi]]

+ * [[ἐνσβέννυμαι|tr=ensbénnumai]]

+ * [[ἐπισβέννυμαι|tr=episbénnumai]]

+ * [[εὔσβεστος|tr=eúsbestos]]

+ * [[περισβέννυμι|tr=perisbénnumi]]

+ * [[συσβέννυμι|tr=susbénnumi]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[σβέσις|tr=sbésis]]

+ * [[σβεστήριος|tr=sbestḗrios]]

+ * [[σβεστός|tr=sbestós]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}