γυμνάζω Ancient Greek · revision 3190

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=6th century BC, Theognis|origins=grc γυμνός}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /ɡym.náz.dɔː/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ʝymˈna.zo/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ʝymˈna.zo/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''γυμνάζω''' (gumnázō) ^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is derived from [[γυμνός|tr=gumnós|t=naked]] with the verbal suffix [[m|grc|-άζω|tr=-ázō]]: “to train naked”, since Greek athletes exercised naked.^(Wiktionary)^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)^(BDAG 2000)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Theognis uses the middle with an erotic connotation: “blessed is he who loves and exercises”.^(DGE)^(CGL 2021) Aeschylus has the active.^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to train by physical exercises a person, the body or horses, and in the middle to take exercise, to do gymnastics, which Herodotus and Thucydides describe.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE) Doctors and Xenophon recommend exercise for health.^(DGE) Isocrates, Plato and Xenophon extend it to training of every kind, of the mind as well as the body, and Polybius uses it for training troops.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ The Second Book of Maccabees uses it for harassing an enemy.^(Lust 2003) In the New Testament it is moral and spiritual training: “train yourself in godliness”, and, of false teachers, “a heart trained in greed”.^(BDAG 2000) Medieval Greek used the participle for “experienced”, as in men trained in war.^(Kriaras) Modern Greek [[m|el|γυμνάζω|tr=gymnázo]] is a learned word meaning to exercise and to train.^(Triantafyllidis 1998) Its derivatives include [[γυμνάσιον|tr=gumnásion]] and [[γυμναστής|tr=gumnastḗs]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 6th century BC – Theognis uses the middle.^(DGE)^(CGL 2021)

+ * 6th–5th century BC – Aeschylus uses the active.^(LSJ 1940)

+ * 5th century BC – Herodotus and Thucydides use the middle for athletic exercise.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * 4th century BC – Isocrates uses it for training the mind.^(LSJ 1940)^(BDAG 2000)

+ * 2nd century BC – Polybius uses it for training troops.^(CGL 2021)

+ * 1st century AD – The New Testament uses it for spiritual training.^(BDAG 2000)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To train by physical exercise; to [[m|en|exercise]] the body, a person or horses.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ # ''(middle)'' To take exercise, do [[m|en|gymnastics]].^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ # To train, give practice in any activity, of the mind or of troops.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ # ''(Septuagint)'' To harass.^(Lust 2003)

+ # ''(New Testament)'' To train oneself, undergo discipline.^(BDAG 2000)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[γυμνός|tr=gumnós]]

+ * [[γυμνάσιον|tr=gumnásion]]

+ * [[en|gymnasium]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}