rigor Latin · revision 31898

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=96–55 BC, Lucretius|origins=itc-pro *rigē-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈrɪ.ɡɔr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈriː.ɡor]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rigor''' ''m'' (genitive rigōris); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|rigeō|-or|t1=to be stiff]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces [[m|la|rigeō]] to [[itc-pro|*rigē-]] and [[ine-pro|*Hriǵ-eh₁-|t=to be stretched, be stiff]], a stative verb to a root meaning “to stretch, bind”.^(de Vaan 2008) He rejects the older derivations from [[m|la|regō]] or from the root of [[m|la|frīgus|t=cold]].^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[sga|rigid|t=to stretch]] and [[goh|reihhen|t=to reach]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Its first examples in the OLD are in Lucretius, of the hardness of gold melting in heat and of the sluggish frost that winter brings.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its first senses are stiffness or rigidity, as of fir wood in Vitruvius, the numbness of limbs, as in Livy's soldiers too stiff with cold to bend their joints, the hardness of metal, and a set expression or tone.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It also means a frozen state, frost, and the icy cold of water, as in Ovid.^(OLD 2012) Columella uses it of erect stalks, and in surveying it is a straight line.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Figuratively it is inflexibility or severity, as in Manilius, and roughness of manners, as in Ovid.^(OLD 2012) Lewis & Short note it is not frequent until after the Augustan period and absent from Cicero.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Church Latin has rigour, firmness and sternness.^(Stelten 1995) English took it through Old French in the late 14th century, first in the sense harshness or severity.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of hard gold and of frost.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius of the stiffness of fir wood.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of limbs numb with cold.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Manilius of sternness.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – Borrowed into English as [[m|en|rigour]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|stiffness|alt=Stiffness]], [[m|en|rigidity]]; numbness of the limbs; hardness of metal.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Frozen state, [[m|en|frost]]; icy cold.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Erectness; in surveying, a straight line.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Inflexibility, [[m|en|severity]]; roughness of manners.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[rigōrātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[rigefaciō]]

+ * [[rigēns]]

+ * [[rigeō]]

+ * [[rigēscō]]

+ * [[rigidē]]

+ * [[rigiditās]]

+ * [[rigidō]]

+ * [[rigidus]]

+ * [[en|rigor]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}