σαρκάζω Ancient Greek · revision 3188

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=5th–4th century BC, Aristophanes|origins=grc σάρξ}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /sar.káz.dɔː/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /sarˈka.zo/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /sarˈka.zo/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''σᾰρκᾰ́ζω''' (sarkázō) ^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is derived from [[σάρξ|tr=sárx|t=flesh]] with the verbal suffix [[m|grc|-άζω|tr=-ázō]].^(Wiktionary)^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021) Beekes and Frisk find no fully convincing argument for this obvious connection, but think that in Aristophanes it may mean “to strip the flesh from the bones”, like [[σαρκίζω|tr=sarkízō]], whence it was transferred to grazing horses; its later meaning may have been influenced by [[σέσηρα|tr=sésēra|t=to grin]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) The Hesychian ⟨σύρκιζε⟩ may be an Aeolic form.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Aristophanes' ''Peace'' uses it of men compared to dogs pulling stubbornly: LSJ takes it as “tearing flesh like dogs”, the CGL as drawing back the lips to bare the teeth in a grimace of effort.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The Hippocratic writings use it for horses plucking grass with their lips, and Galen for biting one's lips in rage.^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010) From the bared teeth came the sense “to sneer, mock bitterly”, recorded by Philo, Stobaeus and Hesychius, who glosses it as “to smile, feign, laugh at”.^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)

+

+ Its derivative [[σαρκασμός|tr=sarkasmós|t=bitter mockery]] appears in the grammarians.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) Modern Greek [[m|el|σαρκάζω|tr=sarkázo]] is a learned word for caustic mockery.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 5th–4th century BC – Aristophanes uses it of men pulling like dogs.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ * 5th century BC – The Hippocratic writings use it of grazing horses.^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010)

+ * 1st century BC – 1st century AD – Philo uses it for sneering.^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010)

+ * 2nd century AD – Galen uses it for biting one's lips in rage.^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To tear flesh like dogs; to bare the teeth in a grimace.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(of horses)'' To pluck grass with the lips.^(LSJ 1940)

+ # To bite one's lips in rage.^(LSJ 1940)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|sneer]], mock bitterly.^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[σαρκασμός|tr=sarkasmós]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[σάρξ|tr=sárx]]

+ * [[en|sarcasm]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}