consterno Latin · revision 31862

+ {{homograph|1|strew}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=204–169 BC, Ennius|origins=ine-pro *st(e)r-n-h₃-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kõːˈstɛr.noː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [konˈstɛr.no]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cōnsternō''' (present infinitive cōnsternere, perfect active cōnstrāvī, supine cōnstrātum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb “to strew” is [[af|la|con-|sternō|t2=to spread, strew]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) The verb [[m|la|sternō]] goes back to [[itc-pro|*sterna-]] and [[ine-pro|*st(e)r-n-h₃-|t=to spread, strew]].^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[sga|sernaid|t=spreads]], [[sa|स्तृणाति|tr=stṛṇā́ti|t=spreads out, strews]] and [[grc|στόρνυμι|tr=stórnumi|t=to spread]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Ennius,^(de Vaan 2008) who has “the tall fir is laid low”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means to cover by strewing, as in Cicero's forum strewn with bodies and his roads covered with spilt grain, and to spread a couch with rugs.^(OLD 2012) It is also to cover or pave, as Cato's trenches lined with stone and Caesar's tents covered with turf, and in Hirtius a marsh covered with bridges.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In Ennius it is to lay low, and it is also used of calming the sea.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius of a felled fir.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato of lining trenches with stone.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of a forum strewn with bodies.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar of tents covered with turf.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To cover by strewing, [[m|en|strew]], spread.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To cover, [[m|en|pave]], line.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To lay low, fell; to calm the sea.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cōnstrātum]]

+ * [[constrator]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|dismay}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=220–130 BC, Pacuvius|origins=la sternō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kõːˈstɛr.noː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [konˈstɛr.no]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cōnsternō''' (present infinitive cōnsternāre, perfect active cōnsternāvī, supine cōnsternātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb “to dismay” is perhaps [[der|la|cōnsternō#1|t=to strew, lay low]], remade as a verb of the first conjugation;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Lewis & Short call it a strengthened form of it.^(Lewis & Short 1879) How its ⟨-nā-⟩ arose is disputed: Schrijver posits a thematic present ⟨*-n-h₃-ie/o-⟩, while Meiser starts from the full grade of a nasal suffix.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Pacuvius,^(de Vaan 2008) who has “by what plan is he thrown into dismay?”^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means to throw into confusion, shock or dismay, and to drive frantic, as in Valerius Maximus.^(OLD 2012) With ''ad'' it is to drive someone to something by fear or another emotion, as in Livy's crowd of conspirators driven to arms.^(OLD 2012) Lewis & Short also give the sense “to lay on the ground, overcome”, as in Livy's Gauls cut down like cattle.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Mela uses ⟨cōnsternere⟩ in this sense, of a cave so wonderful that it overwhelms the minds of those who approach.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 220–130 BC – Pacuvius of a man thrown into dismay.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of conspirators driven to arms.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43/44 AD – Mela of a cave that overwhelms the mind.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To throw into confusion, [[m|en|dismay]], [[m|en|alarm]], terrify.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To drive frantic.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To drive to something by fear.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cōnsternātiō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sterno|alt=sternō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}