ulmus Latin · revision 31815

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=234–149 BC, Cato|origins=itc-pro *elmos}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈʊɫ.mʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈul.mus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ulmus''' ''f'' (genitive ulmī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Catullus uses it as a masculine.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*elmos]], through ⟨*olmos⟩.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[sga|lem|t=elm]], [[ru|ильм|tr=ilʹm|t=wych elm]], [[non|almr|t=elm]] and [[en|elm]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary reconstructs [[ine-pro|*h₁élem|t=elm]], but de Vaan notes that the word is found only in Italic, Celtic, Germanic and Slavic and is hard to reconstruct, which suggests a non-Indo-European origin.^(Wiktionary)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is Cato,^(Köbler 2010) who prescribes a wheel made of elm wood.^(OLD 2012) Plautus already has the adjective [[ulmeus|t=of elm]] and the joke name [[ulmitriba|t=one who wears out elm rods]] for a slave often beaten.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is the elm tree, and elm wood: Virgil has the elm bent into the shape of the plough.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus has the adjective ⟨ulmeus⟩.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato of elm wood.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of an elm-wood plough.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # An [[m|en|elm]] tree.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Elm wood.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ulmārium]]

+ * [[ulmeus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}