certatim Latin · revision 31799

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la certō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kɛrˈtaː.tĩː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [t͡ʃerˈtaː.tim]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''certātim''' (adverb, not comparable)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[certō|t=to contend, vie]] with the adverbial ending [[m|la|-im]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ⟨certō⟩ comes from [[certus|t=decided]], the old past participle of [[cernō|t=to sift, decide]], which de Vaan traces to [[itc-pro|*kritos]] and [[ine-pro|*kri-tó-|alt=*kri-to-|t=sifted, separated]], cognate with [[grc|κριτός|tr=kritós|t=chosen, separate]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL records it from Plautus on,^(TLL) whose ''Miles gloriosus'' has an old man boasting that the guests vie with each other in feeding him and giving him presents.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means “in rivalry, emulously, eagerly”, of several people each trying to outdo the others: Cicero speaks of everyone competing to speak about his safety, and Catullus of all Delphi rushing out of the city.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The TLL notes that it is common in Virgil, Livy, Silius, Statius and Tacitus, but absent from Terence, Varro, Lucretius, Caesar and Propertius.^(TLL) Virgil uses it of farmers vying to fell an ash tree.^(TLL)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “eagerly, earnestly”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of guests vying with gifts.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 120–67 BC – Sisenna of stones hurled at the enemy in rivalry.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of speeches vying for his safety.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil, who uses it often.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # In [[m|en|rivalry]], in competition, [[m|en|emulously]]; eagerly.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[certō]]

+ * [[certāmen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}