stimulo Latin · revision 31783

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la stimulus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈstɪ.mʊ.ɫoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈstiː.mu.lo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''stimulō''' (present infinitive stimulāre, perfect active stimulāvī, supine stimulātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[stimulus|t=goad, spur]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan lists ⟨stimulus⟩ under [[stilus|t=stake, stylus]] and is unsure whether these words and [[stīva|t=plough handle]] belong together; they might share a root ⟨sti-⟩ “sharp object”, and a link with ⟨*stig-⟩ “to sting”, seen in [[stinguō]], is possible but unsupported.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008) The OLD's earliest examples are Terence, whose ''Heautontimorumenos'' has a man spurred on by his mistress's “give me” and “bring me”, and Cicero.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Literally it is to drive an animal with a goad, as Catullus' Cybele urging on her lion;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis and Short call this sense post-Augustan and rare.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) More often worries are said to prick or sting: Cicero speaks of a doubt that pricks a man day and night.^(OLD 2012) Most common is “to spur on, incite”, to an action or against an enemy, as Livy's Tarquins driven by resentment, and “to rouse to frenzy”, as Virgil's Bacchant.^(OLD 2012) It is also used of stirring up passions and activities, as Ovid's quarrels stirred by wine.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein distinguishes it from [[pungō]]: ⟨pungere⟩ is to prick in order to wound, ⟨stimulāre⟩ to goad in order to drive on.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “prick, goad, stimulate, urge, spur on”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence of a lover spurred on.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of a pricking doubt.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus of goading a lion.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1610s – English [[m|en|stimulate]] is formed from the participle ''stimulātus''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|goad]] an animal.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To prick, sting, [[m|en|torment]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To spur on, [[m|en|incite]], urge; to rouse to frenzy.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To [[m|en|stimulate]] passions or activities.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[destimulō]]

+ * [[distimulo]]

+ * [[exstimulō]]

+ * [[īnstimulō]]

+ * [[perstimulō]]

+ * [[stimulātiō]]

+ * [[stimulātor]]

+ * [[stimulātrīx]]

+ * [[stimulātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stimuleus]]

+ * [[stimulōsus]]

+ * [[stimulus]]

+ * [[stilus]]

+ * [[en|stimulate]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}