turbulentus Latin · revision 31722

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la turba}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [tʊr.bʊˈɫɛn.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [tur.buˈlɛn.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''turbulentus''' (feminine turbulenta, neuter turbulentum, superlative turbulentissimus); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|turba|-ulentus|t1=commotion, crowd|t2=full of]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) The origin of [[m|la|turba]] is uncertain: de Vaan finds the usual link with [[sa|त्वरते|tr=tvarate|t=hurries]] formally doubtful and considers a connection with [[grc|στρέφω|tr=stréphō|t=to turn]],^(de Vaan 2008) while Wiktionary allows a borrowing from [[grc|τύρβη|tr=túrbē|t=disorder]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is Plautus,^(Köbler 2010) whose ''Miles gloriosus'' has Diana saving a man “in the regions of Neptune and his stormy precincts”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Of the sea and weather it is stormy or turbulent, and of water muddy, as in Phaedrus' “why have you made my water muddy as I drink?”^(OLD 2012) Cicero uses it of the confused, haphazard collision of atoms.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it is used of times of unrest, of a mind disturbed by passion, of muddled thinking, and of unruly, riotous persons, as Cicero's “a seditious and turbulent citizen”, and their proceedings.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “troublesome”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of the stormy sea and of troubled affairs.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of atoms, of passions and of seditious citizens.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 15 BC–c. 50 AD – Phaedrus of muddied water.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – Borrowed into English as [[m|en|turbulent]], through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|stormy|alt=Stormy]], [[m|en|turbulent]]; of water, [[m|en|muddy]]; confused, haphazard.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of times, full of unrest; of the mind, disturbed; muddled.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Of persons, [[m|en|unruly]], riotous; [[m|en|seditious]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[turbulentia]]

+ * [[turbulentō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[turba]]

+ * [[turbo|alt=turbō]]

+ * [[en|turbulent]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}