incubo Latin · revision 31678

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la cubō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈɪŋ.kʊ.boː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈiŋ.ku.bo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''incubō''' (present infinitive incubāre, perfect active incubuī, supine incubitum); first conjugation, no passive^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|in-|cubō|t2=to lie]].^(OLD 2012) Wiktionary reconstructs [[itc-pro|*enkubāō]].^(Wiktionary) De Vaan reconstructs [[itc-pro|*kubājō|alt=*kubā̆je/o-|t=to be lying]] for ⟨cubō⟩ and finds its origin uncertain, since the root ⟨*kub-⟩ is limited to Italic and Celtic; cognates are [[xfa|cupat|t=lies]] and [[cy|kyscu|t=to sleep]], and Paelignian has the compound ⟨incubat⟩.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest examples are in Plautus: in the ''Casina'' a slave will stay put in the country, and in the ''Curculio'' a sick pimp sleeps in the temple of Aesculapius.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its basic sense is “to lie on, recline”, and of birds “to sit on eggs”, as Ovid's halcyon brooding on her nest over the sea; of burdens it is “to rest on”, and of darkness “to brood over”, as Virgil's black night over the sea.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It also means to have one's lair or abode somewhere, and to sleep in a temple to receive dreams or healing.^(OLD 2012) In Cicero and Seneca it is to keep jealous watch over wealth, to brood over it.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) The OLD notes that perfect forms ⟨incubuī⟩ are hard to tell from those of [[incumbō]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “lie in, lie on”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of sleeping in a temple.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of brooding over money.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of night brooding over the sea.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid of a bird on its nest.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1640s – English [[m|en|incubate]] is formed from its participle, first in the sense “to brood upon”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To lie on, [[m|en|recline]]; to sit on eggs; to rest on; to brood over.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To dwell in a place; to sleep in a temple for dreams or healing.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To lean or hang over.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To fall upon.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To keep [[m|en|jealous]] watch over; to brood over.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[incubātiō]]

+ * [[incubator]]

+ * [[incubitus]]

+ * [[incubus]]

+ * [[superincubō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cubō]]

+ * [[incumbō]]

+ * [[en|incubate]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The noun ''incubō, -ōnis'', formed from this verb, is a spirit guarding buried treasure in Petronius and a nightmare spirit that lies on sleepers in Largus.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Medieval sources use it, with ''incubus'', for an incubus or satyr.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}