foedo Latin · revision 31676

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la foedus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈfoe̯.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈfɛː.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''foedō''' (present infinitive foedāre, perfect active foedāvī, supine foedātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from the adjective [[foedus|t=foul, hideous]] as a first-conjugation verb.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan, after Walde–Hofmann and Nussbaum, takes the first sense of that adjective to be “frightful”, and derives it from [[itc-pro|*fo(j)iþo-|t=afraid]] and the root [[ine-pro|*bʰeyh₂-|alt=*bʰiH-|t=to be afraid]], cognate with [[sa|बिभाय|tr=bibháya|t=is afraid]] and [[lt|bijóti|t=to fear]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest example is Plautus, whose soldiers hack and trample the enemy forces.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its senses are “to make filthy, soil”, as Catullus' old man fouling his grey hair with dust, and “to defile something holy”: Cicero writes of the holiest shrines defiled.^(OLD 2012) It is also to disfigure, as eyes spoiled with tears in Tibullus, to darken the light, to mangle, and to ravage land, as in Livy.^(OLD 2012) Morally it is “to disgrace, dishonour”: in Plautus a young man admits he has disgraced his inheritance and his ancestors' glory.^(OLD 2012) The TLL notes that it became common with the Augustan poets, and Lewis and Short call it mostly poetic and post-Augustan.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “disfigure, pollute, defile, mar, make foul”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of mangling the enemy and of disgrace.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of defiled shrines.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus of hair fouled with dust.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of ravaged fields.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To make foul, [[m|en|soil]]; to [[m|en|defile]], pollute; to corrupt.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To [[m|en|disfigure]], mar; to darken.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To mangle, mutilate; to ravage land.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|disgrace]], dishonour.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[confoedō]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[foedus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}