animosus Latin · revision 31656

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=116–27 BC, Varro|origins=la animus}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''animōsus''' (feminine animōsa, neuter animōsum, comparative animōsior, superlative animōsissimus, adverb animōsē); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|animus|-ōsus|t1=mind; courage, spirit]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan traces ⟨animus⟩ to [[itc-pro|*anamos|alt=*anamo-|t=breath, spirit]] and [[ine-pro|*h₂enh₁mos|alt=*h₂enh₁-mo-|t=breath]], cognate with [[osc|anamúm|t=courage, energy; breath]], [[sga|anim|t=soul]] and [[grc|ἄνεμος|tr=ánemos|t=wind]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest example is the Atellan farce writer Novius, in whom someone promises a strong and spirited man;^(OLD 2012) Varro advises against slaves who are either timid or too spirited.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is “spirited, bold, courageous”, and of actions and attitudes brave: Cicero says we dislike timid gladiators and favour the brave and spirited.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) It could also be “proud, great-souled”, as Ovid's Pyrrhus, proud of his father's image, and “energetic, vigorous”, as Tacitus' lavish corrupter of soldiers.^(OLD 2012) Poets apply it to winds, sea and fire, “boisterous, violent”, as Virgil's East winds that break the woods.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ In Medieval Latin it described someone of fervent faith.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro of spirited slaves.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of brave gladiators.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of stormy winds.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * Medieval Latin – of fervent faith.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|spirited|alt=Spirited]], bold, [[m|en|courageous]]; of style, impetuous.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|proud|alt=Proud]], haughty; great-souled.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Energetic, vigorous in pursuing an aim.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of winds, sea or fire, [[m|en|boisterous]], stormy, violent.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Of fervent faith.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[animōsitās]]

+ * [[animōsē]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[animus]]

+ * [[anima]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Lewis and Short give a separate adjective from [[anima|t=breath, air]], “full of air”, for Ovid's breath-filled throat and the blowing winds, and “full of life”; the OLD treats all these uses under one word from ⟨animus⟩.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}