constringo Latin · revision 31633

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la stringō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kõːˈstrɪŋ.ɡoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [konˈstriŋ.ɡo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cōnstringō''' (present infinitive cōnstringere, perfect active cōnstrīnxī, supine cōnstrictum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|con-|stringō|t2=to draw tight, bind]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces this sense of ⟨stringō⟩ to [[itc-pro|*strengō|alt=*strenge/o-|t=to tie]] and [[ine-pro|*strengʰ-|t=to draw, tie]], cognate with [[grc|στραγγός|tr=strangós|t=twisted]] and [[non|strengja|t=to bind together]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan lists the compounds of ⟨stringō⟩ from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) in whom someone is told to tie a man's hands.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is “to tie together, bind”, of hands and clothing, and of prisoners put in bonds;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Cato warns not to tie a vine too tightly.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It extends to confining and hindering, to bounding and limiting, and to restraining persons and actions: Cicero tells Catiline that his conspiracy is held fast by everyone's knowledge.^(OLD 2012) It is also to contract, to compress a subject into few words (Seneca), to hold together or make cohere, to freeze snow solid, and to tone up the body.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “bind fast, restrain”.^(Stelten 1995) English [[m|en|constrain]] (early 14th century, through Old French) and [[m|en|constrict]] (1732) come from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of tying hands.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato of tying vines.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of a conspiracy held in check.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 14th century – English [[m|en|constrain]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To tie together, [[m|en|bind]], tie up; to put in bonds; to tie tightly, squeeze.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To confine, hold down; to hinder.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To bound, limit.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|restrain]], inhibit, control.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To [[m|en|contract]], lessen; to compress in words.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To hold together; to make solid, freeze; to tone up the body.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cōnstrictiō]]

+ * [[constrictiuus]]

+ * [[constricto]]

+ * [[constrictura]]

+ * [[cōnstrictus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stringō]]

+ * [[en|constrain]]

+ * [[en|constrict]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}