perfringo Latin · revision 31619

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la frangō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [pɛrˈfrɪŋ.ɡoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [perˈfriŋ.ɡo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''perfringō''' (present infinitive perfringere, perfect active perfrēgī, supine perfrāctum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|per-|frangō|t2=to break]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan traces ⟨frangō⟩ to [[itc-pro|*frangō|alt=*frang-]] and [[ine-pro|*bʰreg-|alt=*bʰr-n-ǵ-|t=to break]], a nasal present, cognate with [[got|𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽|tr=brikan|t=to break]] and [[goh|brehhan]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Lewis and Short cite Plautus' braggart soldier, told that with his fist he broke an elephant's arm;^(Lewis & Short 1879) the TLL lists it from the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'', Cicero and Lucretius onwards.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means “to break, shatter”, as Cicero's wind that will break tall masts, and figuratively to ruin a person or to smash laws and customs: the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' has someone breaking up other people's houses and families.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is also “to break through, force a way through”, as Cicero's man who always broke through walls by force and courage, and “to break into” a city.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “shatter, break through”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of a broken limb.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 86/82 BC – the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' of ruining households.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of breaking masts and walls.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|break]], [[m|en|shatter]], fracture.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To ruin a person; to [[m|en|violate]] laws or customs.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To break through, force a way through; to break into.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[frangō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}