iracundus Latin · revision 31590

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la īra}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [iː.raːˈkʊn.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [i.raˈkun.dus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''īrācundus''' (feminine īrācunda, neuter īrācundum, adverb īrācundē); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ Priscian records a spelling ''-ond-''.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|īra|-cundus|t1=anger]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan notes that the rare suffix ⟨-cundus⟩ cannot be original here and was taken over from other adjectives in ⟨-cundus⟩.^(de Vaan 2008) He derives ⟨īra⟩ from [[itc-pro|*eis/ra-]] and [[ine-pro|*h₁eis-h₂-|t=anger]], cognate with [[ae|aēšma-|t=wrath]] and [[grc|οἶμα|tr=oîma|t=rush]], an etymology he accepts for want of a better one.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler and the OLD date it from Plautus,^(Köbler 2010) who has “a hot-tempered man of reckless mind”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means prone to anger, irascible, and also angry at a given moment: in Plautus someone is told it is not for them to be angry at what was said in jest.^(OLD 2012) Seneca draws the distinction: an angry man need not be irascible, but an irascible man cannot help being angry at times.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of actions it is marked by anger, as when Cicero says a victory would have been too wrathful.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Isidore explained it as named from blood kindled into fury, with Hebrew ''ur'' “fire”.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of a hot-tempered man.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of an angry victory.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca distinguishes it from ''īrātus''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 560–636 AD – Isidore's derivation.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Prone to anger, hot-tempered, [[m|en|irascible]], irritable.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|angry]], enraged; of actions, marked by anger.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[īrācundia]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[īra]]

+ * [[īrātus]]

+ * [[īrāscor]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Seneca's distinction is ''īrātus potest nōn esse īrācundus; īrācundus nōn potest aliquandō īrātus nōn esse''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}