confusus Latin · revision 31587

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=96–55 BC, Lucretius|origins=la fundō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kõːˈfuː.sʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [koɱˈfuː.s̬us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cōnfūsus''' (feminine cōnfūsa, neuter cōnfūsum, comparative cōnfūsior, superlative cōnfūsissimus); first/second-declension participle^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the past participle of [[cōnfundō|t=to pour together, mix, confuse]], used as an adjective.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ⟨cōnfundō⟩ is [[m|la|con-]] and [[fundō|t=to pour]], which de Vaan derives from [[ine-pro|*ǵʰu-n-d-|t=to pour]], cognate with [[grc|χέω|tr=khéō|t=to pour]] and [[got|𐌲𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽|tr=giutan|t=to pour]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Lucretius.^(Köbler 2010) In Cicero it is general, not distinguished in detail: things may differ in fact while seeming the same in words.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its literal sense is mixed together, as Pliny the Elder's bronze mixed with gold and silver, and suffused, as Columella's rose suffused with blush.^(OLD 2012) More often it is disordered: Cicero speaks of a speech so jumbled that nothing comes first or second, and Pliny of confused fear.^(OLD 2012) It is also indistinct, of inarticulate sounds and of vague, uncertain ideas.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin has it for confused, disordered, and also ashamed.^(Stelten 1995) English [[m|en|confuse]] (1550s) is from the same verb.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of a jumbled speech and of indistinct sounds.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella of a rose suffused with blush.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder of mixed metals.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Mixed together, mingled; suffused.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Not distinguished in detail, general.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Disordered, jumbled, [[m|en|confused]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Indistinct, inarticulate; [[m|en|vague]], obscure.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' Ashamed.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cōnfūsibilis]]

+ * [[cōnfūsibiliter]]

+ * [[cōnfūsiō]]

+ * [[incōnfūsus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cōnfundō]]

+ * [[fundō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The adverb is ''cōnfūsē''.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}