vigor Latin · revision 31545

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=2nd half of 1st century BC, Bellum Africum|origins=la vigeō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈwɪ.ɡɔr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈviː.ɡor]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vigor''' ''m'' (genitive vigōris); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|vigeō|-or|t1=to thrive, be strong]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan lists it under ⟨vigeō⟩, from [[itc-pro|*weg-ē-]] and [[ine-pro|*u̯eǵ-eh₁-|t=to be strong]], cognate with [[sa|वाज|tr=vā́ja-|t=contest, reward]] and [[goh|wahhēn|t=to be awake]]; its ⟨i⟩ is probably the raising of ⟨e⟩ after a labial.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's first citation is from the ''Bellum Africum'', of the energy and wonderful cheerfulness on the commander's face,^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) and de Vaan dates it from Caesar.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Lewis and Short call it chiefly poetic and post-Augustan, not used by Caesar or Cicero.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Virgil says sluggish old age does not weaken the vigour of the mind and gives the seeds of life a fiery vigour, and Horace speaks of youth and the vigour of the fathers.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) Vitruvius applies it to the energy of an activity and in the plural to exertions, and Pliny the Elder to the “life” of pearls, which fades with age.^(OLD 2012) In law it is binding force: Ulpian's maxim is that what the emperor has decided “has the force of law”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin has it for strength, force and energy.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin used it for authority and validity, for protective authority, and for the protected status of the clergy.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Köbler 2010) English [[m|en|vigor]] (c. 1300) came through Anglo-French ''vigour'', Old French ''vigor''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 2nd half of 1st century BC – The ''Bellum Africum'' of a commander's energy.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of the vigour of the mind.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius of the energy of an activity.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder of the “life” of pearls.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * before 223 AD – Ulpian of the force of law.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English [[m|en|vigor]], through Anglo-French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Physical or mental [[m|en|energy]], [[m|en|vigour]], liveliness; the energy of an action;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''(plural)'' exertions.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Of gems, lustre, “life”.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(law)'' [[m|en|force]], [[m|en|validity]].^(OLD 2012)^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' [[m|en|authority]]; protective authority; the protected status of the clergy.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[vigōrō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vigeō]]

+ * [[vigēscō]]

+ * [[vigil]]

+ * [[en|vigor]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}