hiems Latin · revision 31532

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *ǵʰéyōm}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈhi.ɛmps]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈiː.ems]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hiems''' ''f'' (genitive hiemis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''hiemps'';^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Cato has a nominative ''hiemis''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*χiem-|t=winter]], [[inh|ine-pro|*ǵʰéyōm|t=winter]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[ae|ziiā̊|t=winter]], [[sa|हिम|tr=himá|t=cold, frost]], [[grc|χιών|tr=khiṓn|t=snow]], [[grc|χεῖμα|tr=kheîma|t=winter]], [[hit|gimm-|t=winter]], [[sga|gaim|t=winter]] and [[lt|žiemà|t=winter]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan takes it to be an old m-stem whose root grade varied: Latin, like Celtic, generalised the form of the accusative, but kept another grade in [[hībernus|t=of winter]], from ⟨*heimrinos⟩, and the bare root in [[bīmus|t=two years old]] and [[trīmus|t=three years old]], literally “of two, three winters”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler from Ennius,^(Köbler 2010) whose ''Annals'' say that autumn follows summer and after it comes sharp winter.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is winter and winter weather, the rainy season,^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) and by transfer extreme cold, as Ovid's deadly chill that slowly enters the breast.^(OLD 2012) Varro uses it of the near-endless winters of the north.^(OLD 2012) A winter can mark a year, as in Accius' “nine winters”, and it is also rough weather or a storm, as Accius' storms of whirlwinds.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin keeps it as “winter”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – First recorded in Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius of winter following autumn.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius of nine winters and of storms.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro of northern winters.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid of a deadly chill.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|winter|alt=Winter]]; winter weather.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Extreme cold, chill.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A winter as marking a year.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Rough weather, [[m|en|storm]], [[m|en|tempest]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bīmus]]

+ * [[hībernus]]

+ * [[hiemālis]]

+ * [[hiemō]]

+ * [[quadrīmus]]

+ * [[trīmus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}