vitupero Latin · revision 31521

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=compound|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la vitium, la parō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [wɪˈtʊ.pɛ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [viˈtuː.pe.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vituperō''' (present infinitive vituperāre, perfect active vituperāvī, supine vituperātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Plautus has the old passive infinitive ''vituperārier''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[vitium|t=fault, defect]], and Lewis and Short take it to be a compound with [[parō|t=to prepare]], “to find a fault in”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan explains it as presupposing an adjective ⟨*viti-paro-⟩, with the ⟨io⟩-stem shortened in the first member;^(de Vaan 2008) the OLD compares the formation of [[aequiperō]].^(OLD 2012) De Vaan traces ⟨vitium⟩ to [[itc-pro|*witio-|t=deviation, fault]] and [[ine-pro|*(d)ui-tio-|t=apart, wrong]], from the root of “two”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) where it first means to declare something invalid or defective, as of an omen: “why does he spoil my omen?”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From treating something as defective it became to criticise or find fault with things and persons, as Terence's critics who find fault with what he did and Plautus' “do you find fault with my Venus?”.^(OLD 2012) Cicero uses it absolutely, of an orator weighty in praising and sharp in censure.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Döderlein contrasts it with ''reprehendere'': ''reprehendere'' aims to correct a fault and warn for the future, while ''vituperāre'' aims at making someone acknowledge the fault, feel shame and repent;^(Döderlein 1874) ''vituperātiō'' is the opposite of ''laudātiō''.^(Döderlein 1874) Church Latin glosses it “blame, censure”.^(Stelten 1995) English ''vituperate'' is from it in the 1540s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of spoiling an omen and of finding fault.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence of critics finding fault.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of an orator sharp in censure.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1540s – English [[m|en|vituperate]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To declare invalid, treat as defective.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To find fault with, [[m|en|censure]], blame, disparage.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To scold, tell off.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vituperātiō]]

+ * [[vituperābilis]]

+ * [[vituperātor]]

+ * [[vitium]]

+ * [[parō]]

+ * [[reprehendō]]

+ * [[laudō]]

+ * [[en|vituperate]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A separate noun ''vituperō'', ''-ōnis'', “a detractor, fault-finder”, formed from the verb, is post-classical, in Gellius and Sidonius.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}