propulso Latin · revision 31509

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=116–27 BC, Varro|origins=ine-pro *pelh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [proːˈpʊɫ.soː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [proˈpul.so]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''prōpulsō''' (present infinitive prōpulsāre, perfect active prōpulsāvī, supine prōpulsātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a frequentative formed from [[prōpellō|t=to drive forward]] with the suffix [[m|la|-tō]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The verb is a compound of [[m|la|prō-]] and [[pellō|t=to push, drive]], which de Vaan derives from a nasal present [[ine-pro|*pl-n(e)-h₂-|t=to approach]], with a shift from “bring near” to “push”; he compares [[grc|πίλναμαι|tr=pílnamai|t=to approach]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest quotation is Varro, of bulls that easily drive off wolves with their horns.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to drive attackers back from a position or repulse them, as Caesar's enemy driven back, and to beat off assaults or blows, as Cicero's “to repel popular attacks with popular support”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Columella uses it of driving out the harmful matter in soil.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it is to ward off undesirable things, as charges in the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium''.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Apuleius has it of a door battered by the kicks of young men.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Wiktionary also gives “to drive forward, propel”.^(Wiktionary) Church Latin glosses it “repel”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro of bulls driving off wolves.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of repelling popular attacks.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar of driving back the enemy.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius of a battered door.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To drive back, [[m|en|repulse]], beat off.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To ward off, [[m|en|avert]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To batter, pound.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To drive forward, [[m|en|propel]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[prōpulsātiō]]

+ * [[prōpulsātor]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[prōpellō]]

+ * [[pellō]]

+ * [[pulsō]]

+ * [[repellō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}