invalidus Latin · revision 31496

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=70–19 BC, Virgil|origins=ine-pro *h₂ulh₁-eh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɪnˈwa.lɪ.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [iɱˈvaː.li.dus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''invalidus''' (feminine invalida, neuter invalidum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from the negative prefix [[m|la|in-|t=not]] and [[validus|t=strong]].^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) The adjective belongs with [[valeō|t=to be strong]], which de Vaan derives from [[itc-pro|*wal-ē-]] and [[ine-pro|*h₂ulh₁-eh₁-|t=to be strong]], cognate with [[sga|flaith|t=rule, sovereignty]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest quotation is Virgil, of a foal still weak and trembling;^(OLD 2012) Köbler gives Livy.^(Köbler 2010) Lewis and Short note that it is not in Cicero or Caesar.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is weak, feeble or infirm, of people and animals, as Livy's Camillus, too weak with age for bodily duties, and of physical powers, as Ovid's weak strength;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Tacitus adds a moral weakness, of women by nature weak.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of things it is lacking strength, as Lucan's weak ship and feeble flames, and in war weak in numbers, as Livy's not weak garrison.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it is powerless or ineffectual.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “weak, invalid”,^(Stelten 1995) and in medieval Latin it is legally void or invalid.^(Niermeyer 1976) English ''invalid'', “infirm”, is from it in the 1640s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of a weak foal.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of a man weak with age and of a garrison not weak.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus of moral weakness.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1640s – English [[m|en|invalid]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Weak, feeble, [[m|en|infirm]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Of things, lacking strength; of fire, dim.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Weak in military strength.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Powerless, [[m|en|ineffectual]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Void, [[m|en|invalid]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[validus]]

+ * [[valeō]]

+ * [[īnfirmus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}