iugerum Latin · revision 31490

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=234–149 BC, Cato|origins=ine-pro *(H)ieug-os-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈjuː.ɡɛ.rũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈjuː.d͡ʒe.rum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''iūgerum''' ''n'' (genitive iūgerī); irregular, variously declined, second declension, third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ The genitive singular is usually ''iūgerī'', with ''iūgeris'' in Mela; the plural has ''iūgerum'', ''iūgeribus'' and also ''iūgerīs'' in Cato and Varro.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ An inscription has ''iugra'' for ''iūgera''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ De Vaan derives it from the PIE neuter s-stem [[ine-pro|*(H)ieug-os-|t=yoked animals, team]], from the root of [[iungō|t=to yoke]]: in Latin it came to mean the land a team of oxen could plough in a day.^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary gives [[itc-pro|*jougos|t=yoked team]] and explains the plural as keeping the old consonant stem.^(Wiktionary) The OLD compares [[iugum|t=yoke]], [[grc|ζεῦγος|tr=zeûgos|t=team, yoke of beasts]] and [[goh|jūhhart|t=measure of land]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates the plural ''iūgera'' from Cato and the singular from Varro;^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler gives Varro.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is a measure of land, 240 by 120 Roman feet, about two-thirds of an acre.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) In the plural it is loosely a broad stretch of ground or of farmland, “acres”, as Statius' acres of the Circus, and Mela seems to use it as a measure of length, 240 feet.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “acre”.^(Stelten 1995) In medieval Latin it was confused with ''iugum''.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses the plural.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses the singular.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43/44 AD – Mela of a length of 240 feet.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 45–96 AD – Statius of the acres of the Circus.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|juger]], a Roman measure of land of 240 by 120 feet.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # In the plural, a stretch of land, fields, [[m|en|acre|alt=acres]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # A length of 240 feet.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[iugum]]

+ * [[iungō]]

+ * [[iūmentum]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}