torvus Latin · revision 31468

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=220–130 BC, Pacuvius|origins=ine-pro *torgʷ-o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈtɔr.wʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈtɔr.vus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''torvus''' (feminine torva, neuter torvum, adverb torviter); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*torgʷo-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*torgʷ-o-|t=grim, angry]].^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[hit|tarkuu̯ant-|t=looking angrily]], [[sa|तर्जति|tr=tarjati|t=to threaten]] and [[grc|ταρβέω|tr=tarbéō|t=to be startled]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Walde–Hofmann connect it with [[trux|t=savage]], which de Vaan finds difficult in form;^(de Vaan 2008) the OLD mentions that link as possible and compares [[goh|drouwen|t=to threaten]] and [[ang|þrēan|t=to rebuke, threaten]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Pacuvius,^(de Vaan 2008) where a man is described as “of fierce temper, grim”;^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) Köbler gives Ennius.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is used first of persons, grim or pitiless, then of animals, as Virgil's grim lioness.^(OLD 2012) Lewis and Short take the original sense to be of the eyes, staring or piercing, and it is common of looks and faces, as Virgil's single eye under a grim brow; the neuter is used adverbially with verbs of looking, “to glare”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) It is also said of actions and of inanimate things that are dreadful in aspect, as Seneca's grim waters, and in Pliny the Elder of a harsh taste.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Lewis and Short call it poetic and post-Augustan in prose.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 220–130 BC – Pacuvius of a grim man and of fierce confidence.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of a lioness, a grim eye and a fierce glance.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca of grim waters.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder of a harsh taste.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of persons or animals, grim, [[m|en|pitiless]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of looks, fierce, stern, [[m|en|glaring]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Of actions, grim, fierce, savage.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of things, dreadful; harsh in taste.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[trux]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}