strenuus Latin · revision 31452

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|attested=c. 235–200 BC, Naevius}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈstreː.nu.ʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈstrɛː.nu.us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''strēnuus''' (feminine strēnua, neuter strēnuum, comparative strēnuior, superlative strēnuissimus or strēnuissumus, adverb strēnuē); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ The old form ''strēnuos'' is found in Plautus.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin is uncertain.^(Wiktionary) The OLD compares Greek [[m|grc|στρηνής|tr=strēnḗs|t=strong, harsh]], [[m|grc|στρηνύζω|tr=strēnúzō|t=to be wanton]] and English [[m|en|stern]];^(OLD 2012) Etymonline also takes it as probably cognate with the Greek word.^(Etymonline) Wiktionary suggests [[ine-pro|*(s)treg-|t=to be stiff, strong]], perhaps an extension of [[ine-pro|*ster-|t=stiff]],^(Wiktionary) and Lewis and Short compared [[m|grc|στερεός|tr=stereós|t=firm, hard]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Naevius' ''Bellum Punicum'' has “many other active men from Troy”;^(OLD 2012) Köbler too gives Naevius.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Of people it is active, vigorous, energetic, brisk or prompt, as in Naevius, and often joined with ''fortis'' or ''bonus'', as Cicero's “Quintus Fufius, a brave and active man”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Of acts and bearing it is vigorous, as Plautus' “to do a bold deed”.^(OLD 2012) In a bad sense it is restless or turbulent, as Tacitus' men in both armies who were wicked and restless.^(OLD 2012) Of poisons and remedies it is quick to act, as Curtius' quick remedy.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “steadfast, vigorous, brisk, active, strenuous, prompt, resolute”.^(Stelten 1995) English ''strenuous'' (mid-15th century) is from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius of active men from Troy.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of a bold deed.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of a brave and active man.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus of restless soldiers.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-15th century – English [[m|en|strenuous]] is from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Active, vigorous, [[m|en|energetic]], brisk, prompt.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(pejorative)'' Restless, [[m|en|turbulent]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # (of remedies, poisons) Quick to take effect.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[īnstrēnuus]]

+ * [[strēnuē]]

+ * [[strēnuitās]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fortis]]

+ * [[en|strenuous]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}