turpiter Latin · revision 31449

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=derivation|attested=190–159 BC, Terence}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''turpiter''' (comparative turpius, superlative turpissimē)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|turpis|t=ugly, shameful]] with the adverb suffix [[m|la|-ter]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) The origin of ⟨turpis⟩ is unclear: Walde and Hofmann and Pokorny compared Sanskrit [[m|sa|त्रपते|tr=trapate|t=is ashamed]], from a root meaning “to turn”, which de Vaan finds too contrived in meaning; he would sooner connect [[m|la|torpeō|t=to be numb]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Terence has “I am angry with you, for, by Hercules, you acted shamefully” in the ''Hecyra'';^(OLD 2012) Köbler gives Cicero.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is in an ugly or unsightly way, as Horace's picture of a beautiful woman whose body ends hideously in a black fish, and Ovid's man who limps badly.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Above all it is shamefully, disgracefully or dishonourably, as Quadrigarius' “he did not let Roman valour be shamefully stripped by a Gaul” and Cicero's “most shamefully defeated”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “in an unsightly manner, dishonorably, shamefully, disgracefully”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence of shameful conduct.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of a shameful defeat.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace of an ugly picture.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # In an ugly or [[m|en|unsightly]] way.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # [[m|en|shamefully|alt=Shamefully]], disgracefully, dishonourably.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[turpis]]

+ * [[turpitūdō]]

+ * [[turpō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}