io Latin · revision 31424

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=grc ἰώ}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈi.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈiː.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''iō''' (interjection)^(Wiktionary)

+ The final vowel is shortened in Martial, unless the ''i'' is consonantal, as perhaps also in Catullus.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|grc|ἰώ|tr=iṓ]], a cry of joy or grief.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary calls it echoic,^(Wiktionary) and Köbler compares an interjection [[ine-pro|*i̯ū̆]].^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has the wedding cry “io Hymen Hymenaee” in the ''Casina'', and a slave hailing his master with “io, you, you, tyrant” in the ''Pseudolus''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The OLD calls it a more or less ritual cry under strong emotion, calling on a god or divine power, as the soldiers' ''iō triumphe'' at a triumph in Tibullus and Horace.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The followers of Bacchus use it, as Virgil's “io, mothers of Latium, hear”, and Horace's “io Bacche”.^(OLD 2012) It is also addressed to people, as in Plautus' ''Pseudolus'', and in Pliny the Younger it is a cry of relief, “io, io, I come to you free”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) At the Saturnalia people cried ''iō Saturnālia'', as in Petronius, Martial and on tokens.^(TLL)

+

+ Wiktionary also gives it as a cry of pain and a call for attention.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of the wedding cry.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of the cry of Bacchus' followers.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 55–19/18 BC – Tibullus of soldiers shouting at a triumph.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * before 66 AD – Petronius of the Saturnalia.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Interjection===

+ # A ritual cry of strong feeling, calling on a god: [[m|en|hurrah|alt=hurrah]]! ho!^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A cry of the followers of [[m|en|Bacchus]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # A cry to get someone's attention: hey!^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A cry of pain: oh! alas!^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[euhoe]]

+ * [[triumphus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Īō'' with a long first vowel is the daughter of Inachus, loved by Jupiter and turned into a cow, from [[grc|Ἰώ|tr=Iṓ]];^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Lewis and Short add that she was later worshipped in Egypt as Isis.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}