benevolentia Latin · revision 31417

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=ine-pro *uelh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [bɛ.nɛ.wɔˈɫɛn.ti.a]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [be.ne.voˈlɛn.t͡si.a]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''benevolentia''' ''f'' (genitive benevolentiae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''benivolentia'';^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) the glosses have ''bonivolentia''.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|benevolēns|t=well-wishing]] with the suffix [[m|la|-ia]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) The participle joins [[m|la|bene|t=well]] and [[m|la|volō|t=to wish, want]],^(Etymonline) which de Vaan traces to [[itc-pro|*wel-]] and [[ine-pro|*uelh₁-|t=to choose, wish]], cognate with [[sa|वृणीते|tr=vr̥ṇīté|t=chooses, prefers]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler gives Cicero as its first author.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is goodwill, benevolence, kindness, favour and friendship;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Lewis and Short find it most often in Cicero, especially in the ''Laelius'' and ''De officiis'', and separate it from ''amor'', from which friendship springs.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Döderlein compares it with ''studium'', the attachment of a lower to a higher person, such as a soldier to his general.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ Church Latin keeps it as “goodwill, benevolence”,^(Stelten 1995) and Köbler finds it in Bede and the councils.^(Köbler 2010) English ''benevolence'' (about 1400) is from it, through Old French and directly.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero.^(Köbler 2010)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * first third of the 8th century – Bede.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1400 – English [[m|en|benevolence]] is from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|goodwill|alt=Goodwill]], [[m|en|benevolence]], kindness, friendliness.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Favour, friendship.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[benevolēns]]

+ * [[benevolus]]

+ * [[malevolentia]]

+ * [[volō]]

+ * [[en|benevolence]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}