cito Latin · revision 31401

+ {{homograph|1|quickly}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *(ḱ)ei(h₂)-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈkɪ.toː], [ˈkɪ.tɔ]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈt͡ʃiː.to]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''citō̆''' (comparative citius, superlative citissimē)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ The final vowel is usually short.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The adverb is formed from [[m|la|citus|t=quick]], the participle of [[m|la|cieō|t=to set in motion]], with the ending [[m|la|-ō]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) ⟨cieō⟩ goes back to [[itc-pro|*ki-eje-]], with the participle [[m|itc-pro|*kito-|t=stirred]], and [[ine-pro|*(ḱ)ei(h₂)-|t=to start to move]], cognate with [[grc|ἔκιε|tr=ékie|t=started to move]] and [[m|grc|κίνυμαι|tr=kínumai|t=to be moved]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has “neither birds nor winds could follow faster” in the ''Bacchides''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is with great speed, quickly or fast, as Cato's “if you want a vineyard to grow quickly”, and at an early moment, soon, as Plautus' “why are you coming back so soon?”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) ''Dictō citius'', “sooner than said”, is no sooner said than done, as Virgil's Neptune, who calms the swollen sea at once; the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' has the proverb “nothing dries more quickly than a tear”.^(OLD 2012) It is also readily or with slight cause, as Cicero's “you believed it too readily about me”, and easily, mostly with a negative, as Varro's “it will not easily be found”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “quickly, speedily, soon”,^(Stelten 1995) and medieval Latin keeps the comparative ''citius'' as “quickly”.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of speed and of a quick return.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato of a vineyard growing quickly.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil: ''dictō citius''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|quickly|alt=Quickly]], fast, speedily.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Soon, before long;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''dictō citius'', no sooner said than done.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|readily|alt=Readily]], with slight cause.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Easily.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ {{homograph|2|set in motion, summon}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *(ḱ)ei(h₂)-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈkɪ.toː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈt͡ʃiː.to]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''citō''' (present infinitive citāre, perfect active citāvī, supine citātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Accius has the genitive plural participle ''citātum'', and Catullus the passive infinitive ''citārier''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb is the frequentative of [[m|la|cieō|t=to set in motion, stir]], formed with [[m|la|-tō]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan notes that ⟨cieō⟩ went out of use in Classical Latin and was replaced by ⟨citō⟩.^(de Vaan 2008) ⟨cieō⟩ goes back to [[itc-pro|*ki-eje-]], with the participle [[m|itc-pro|*kito-|t=stirred]], and [[ine-pro|*(ḱ)ei(h₂)-|t=to start to move]], cognate with [[grc|ἔκιε|tr=ékie|t=started to move]] and [[m|grc|κίνυμαι|tr=kínumai|t=to be moved]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has “he's not here.” “Then call him!” in the ''Pseudolus'', and men who are not present when called in the ''Menaechmi''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to set in motion or rouse, as Seneca's hurried steps, Statius' oars and Silius' spear, to put up game, and to stimulate.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In medicine it is to promote excretions, as Celsus' things that bring on urine, to draw something out, and of vines to put out shoots, as in Columella;^(OLD 2012) Cicero uses it of arousing an emotion.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It is to call or summon, as Varro's augurs called by the consul, and in law to summon an accused person by name, as Cicero's “under what law the defendant is summoned”, to call a witness, to call jurors, and to summon the people to vote.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Church Latin glosses it “call, cite, summon, testify, name”.^(Stelten 1995) English ''cite'' (mid-15th century) is from it through Old French, first as “to summon”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of calling someone.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro of augurs summoned.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of defendants and witnesses.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 14–37 AD – Celsus of medicines that promote urine.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-15th century – English [[m|en|cite]] is from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To set in motion, [[m|en|rouse]]; to stimulate.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To promote, draw out;^(OLD 2012) (of plants) to put out (shoots); to arouse.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To call, [[m|en|summon]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(law)'' To summon (a defendant); to call (a witness); to empanel (jurors).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[concitō]]

+ * [[excitō]]

+ * [[incitō]]

+ * [[ōscitō]]

+ * [[recitō]]

+ * [[suscitō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cieō]]

+ * [[citus]]

+ * [[en|cite]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}