fraudo Latin · revision 31392

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈfrau̯.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈfraːu̯.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fraudō''' (present infinitive fraudāre, perfect active fraudāvī, supine fraudātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Plautus has the old perfect subjunctive ''fraudāssis'' and a deponent ''fraussus sit'';^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) an archaic form ''frūdō'' is also reported.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ Manuscripts sometimes have ''-u-'' for ''-au-''.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|fraus|t=deceit, fraud]] with the verb suffix [[m|la|-ō]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) The origin of ⟨fraus⟩ is uncertain: de Vaan sets up [[itc-pro|*frawV-]] and, with a query, [[ine-pro|*dʰrou-V́-d(h)-]], comparing [[xum|frosetom|t=is not valid]] and [[sa|ध्रुति|tr=dhrúti-|t=deception, error]];^(de Vaan 2008) Szemerényi and Schrijver derived it in different ways from [[ine-pro|*dʰreugʰ-|t=to deceive]], but he finds Szemerényi's steps ad hoc.^(de Vaan 2008) Etymonline also calls ⟨fraus⟩ of uncertain origin.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has “when you have cheated someone who trusts you” in the ''Asinaria''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to deprive someone deceitfully of what is his by right, to cheat or defraud, and with an ablative to cheat out of something, as Cicero's farmer who could not cheat the tithe collector of a single grain without heavy penalty.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Figuratively it is to baffle hopes or break a promise, as in Valerius Flaccus.^(OLD 2012) It is to embezzle money, as Caesar's officers who kept back the cavalry's pay and sent all the booty home, and in law to evade a statute by a trick, as in the jurist Clemens.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “cheat, withhold, defraud, deprive”.^(Stelten 1995) Döderlein separates ''fallere'', deceiving by false views, from ''frūstrārī'', deceiving by false hopes.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of cheating someone who trusts you.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of cheating the tithe collector.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar of embezzled pay.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|cheat]], [[m|en|defraud]], swindle; to deprive (of).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To baffle (hopes); to break (a promise).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|embezzle]], purloin.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(law)'' To evade (a law) by trickery.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dēfraudō]]

+ * [[fraudabilis]]

+ * [[fraudātiō]]

+ * [[fraudātor]]

+ * [[fraudatrix]]

+ * [[sociofraudus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fraus]]

+ * [[frūstrā]]

+ * [[fallō]]

+ * [[en|fraud]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}