incuso Latin · revision 31367

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɪŋˈkuː.soː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [iŋˈkuː.s̬o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''incūsō''' (present infinitive incūsāre, perfect active incūsāvī, supine incūsātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ A declamation ascribed to Quintilian has ''incausō''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|in-|t=in, against]] and [[m|la|causa|t=cause, lawsuit]] with the verb suffix [[m|la|-ō]], like [[m|la|accūsō|t=to accuse]] and [[m|la|excūsō|t=to excuse]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) De Vaan finds the origin of ⟨causa⟩ uncertain: Walde and Hofmann connected it with [[m|la|cūdō|t=to strike]], while Ernout and Meillet doubted an Indo-European source.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has “blame me: say I did it on purpose” in the ''Mercator'', and “you should not find fault with my visitors” in the ''Truculentus''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to lay the blame on someone for an action, and to find fault with, reproach or criticise people;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) in Tacitus it is to bring a formal charge, of the accusers who hurried to be first to mark out a defendant.^(OLD 2012) It is also to complain of or condemn faults and things, as Lucretius' farmer who blames the times and wearies heaven, and, with a clause, Livy's complaint that Capua had been handed over to the enemy.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Lewis and Short call it classical but not found in Cicero.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of laying the blame.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of a farmer blaming the times.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of complaints about Capua.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus of formal accusations.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To lay the [[m|en|blame|alt=blame]] on.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To find fault with, [[m|en|reproach]];^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) to accuse formally.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To complain of, condemn.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[incusabilis]]

+ * [[incūsātiō]]

+ * [[incusatiuus]]

+ * [[incusator]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[accūsō]]

+ * [[excūsō]]

+ * [[causa]]

+ * [[arguō]]

+ * [[culpō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein makes ''arguere'' the most general word for charging someone with guilt;^(Döderlein 1874) ''incūsāre'' and the rarer ''culpāre'' are complaints made outside a court, ''crīminārī'' a hostile accusation, ''īnsimulāre'' an undeserved one, ''dēferre'' to inform before a judge, and ''accūsāre'' to prosecute in a criminal court.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}