cumulo Latin · revision 31336

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *ḱuh₁-mo-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈkʊ.mʊ.ɫoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈkuː.mu.lo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cumulō''' (present infinitive cumulāre, perfect active cumulāvī, supine cumulātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ An inscription spells it ''comul-''.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|cumulus|t=heap]] with the verb suffix [[m|la|-ō]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Etymonline) De Vaan derives ⟨cumulus⟩ from [[itc-pro|*kumo-]] and [[ine-pro|*ḱuh₁-mo-|t=heap]], cognate with [[grc|κῦμα|tr=kûma|t=wave]], and notes that the verb is attested much earlier than the noun;^(de Vaan 2008) Schrijver doubts the link with the root “to swell” because of the short ⟨u⟩.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has “now is the chance to heap up good deeds” in the ''Captivi''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to gather into a heap or pile up, as Lucretius' matter lying heaped together, and to amass, as Livy's goods gathered by long good fortune.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Figuratively it is to accumulate, and to heap honours on someone, as in Livy.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is to cover as with a heap, load or fill to overflowing, as the ''Bellum Hispaniense'' of enemies pierced by javelins, to load someone with gifts, as Virgil's Aeneas who loads Acestes with great presents, and with honours or misfortunes, as Cicero's house loaded with double disgrace.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) It is to increase or enhance, and to crown or bring to perfection, as Cicero's “only the sight of you was missing to make my joy complete”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “increase, fill up, heap up, enlarge”.^(Stelten 1995) English ''cumulate'' in the 1530s meant to gather into a heap.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of heaping up good deeds.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of heaped matter.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of a crowning joy.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of loading with gifts.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1530s – Borrowed into English as [[m|en|cumulate]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|heap|alt=heap]] up, pile up; to [[m|en|amass]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To accumulate; to heap (honours) on.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To load, fill to overflowing; to load (with gifts, honours, misfortunes).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To make up, amount to.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To increase, [[m|en|augment]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To complete, crown, bring to perfection.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[accumulō]]

+ * [[circumcumulō]]

+ * [[concumulatus]]

+ * [[cumulatim]]

+ * [[cumulātiō]]

+ * [[cumulātē]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cumulus]]

+ * [[congerō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}