subtraho Latin · revision 31333

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=234–149 BC, Cato|origins=itc-pro *traχe/o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈsʊp.tra.(ɦ)oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈsub.tra.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''subtrahō''' (present infinitive subtrahere, perfect active subtrāxī, supine subtractum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''supt-''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|sub-|t=under, from below]] and [[m|la|trahō|t=to draw, drag]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) De Vaan traces ⟨trahō⟩ to [[itc-pro|*traχe/o-]], with its closest cognates in Celtic, such as [[sga|tráig|t=ebb, beach]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Cato tells the farmer always to draw off the dregs and lees from the vats, in the ''De agri cultura''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to draw from under, as in Cato, to undermine, as Caesar's Gauls drawing away the siege ramp with tunnels, to haul up a sail, and in medicine to draw off morbid matter.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is to take something away so that others lose it, to withdraw food or drink, as Cicero's horse-tamers who withhold food, and to withdraw one's eyes, as Tacitus' Nero who ordered crimes but did not watch them.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) It is to withdraw a person from his companions or from sight, to detach troops, and reflexively to keep away from an activity, as Cicero's “the more gladly I withdraw from the senate house”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) It is to rescue from a danger, as Livy's man who escaped disgrace and punishment by suicide, and to take away something abstract, as Cicero's “words have no footing if you take away the matter”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “remove or take by stealth, escape”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato of drawing off the lees.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of withholding food and of withdrawing.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar of undermining a ramp.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of escaping punishment.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To draw from under; to [[m|en|undermine]]; to draw off.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To take away, withdraw (from someone); to steal away.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To withhold (food); to withdraw (one's eyes).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To withdraw, remove (a person, troops);^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) ''(reflexive)'' to [[m|en|withdraw]], keep away.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To [[m|en|rescue]] (from danger).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To take away (an abstract thing).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[subtractiō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[abstrahō]]

+ * [[attrahō]]

+ * [[circumtrahō]]

+ * [[contrahō]]

+ * [[dētrahō]]

+ * [[distrahō]]

+ * [[extrahō]]

+ * [[intertrahō]]

+ * [[intrahō]]

+ * [[obtrahō]]

+ * [[trahō]]

+ * [[subdūcō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}