circumfundo Latin · revision 31310

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=234–149 BC, Cato|origins=ine-pro *ǵʰu-n-d-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kɪr.kũːˈfʊn.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [t͡ʃir.kumˈfun.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''circumfundō''' (present infinitive circumfundere, perfect active circumfūdī, supine circumfūsum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Virgil, Statius and Silius split it by tmesis, and Virgil, Valerius Flaccus and Statius also put ''circum'' after the verb.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|circum-|t=around]] and [[m|la|fundō|t=to pour]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives ⟨fundō⟩ from [[itc-pro|*χund-]] and the nasal present [[ine-pro|*ǵʰu-n-d-|t=to pour]], cognate with [[grc|χέω|tr=khéō|t=to pour]] and [[got|𐌲𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽|tr=giutan|t=to pour]].^(de Vaan 2008) ⟨circum⟩ is the old accusative of [[m|la|circus|t=ring]], probably a loan from [[grc|κρίκος|tr=kríkos|t=ring]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Cato.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to pour a liquid round something, as Pliny the Elder's seeds sown with wine lees poured round, also to make seas or rivers flow round, as the Ocean that nature poured round the lands, in the elder Seneca.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) It is to spread something round like a fluid, as Cicero's aether poured round and enclosing all things, to drape clothes or limbs round, and figuratively to spread round, as Cicero's troubles pressing on every side.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ In war it is to spread forces round, and in the passive or reflexive armies and crowds spread round or surround, as Caesar's archers pouring round on both sides; the passive is also to crowd round someone, as Velleius' Augustus in the embrace of Tiberius.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Of water and other things it is to flow round or surround, as Cicero's “all is wrapped in darkness”, and with the ablative to enclose, as Nepos' friends who covered Agesilaus' body with wax for want of honey.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 100–24 BC – Nepos of a body enclosed in wax.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of the surrounding aether and of darkness.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar of archers spreading round.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder of lees poured round seeds.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To pour round; to surround with liquid; to make flow round.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To spread round; to drape round; to embrace.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To deploy (forces) round;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) ''(passive)'' to [[m|en|crowd]] round, [[m|en|surround]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To flow round, envelop; to enclose (with).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To overwhelm.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[circumfusio]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fundō]]

+ * [[cōnfundō]]

+ * [[diffundō]]

+ * [[circumdō]]

+ * [[circus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}