torrens Latin · revision 31308

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=96–55 BC, Lucretius|origins=ine-pro *ters-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈtɔr.rẽːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈtɔr.rens]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''torrēns''' (genitive torrentis); third-declension one-termination participle^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the present participle of [[m|la|torreō|t=to scorch, parch]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) The OLD notes that it is not clear how the sense “rushing” comes from that verb; de Vaan cites Weiss, who explains it as the participle “the dry one” of a stative ⟨*trs-eh₁-⟩ “to be dried out”, which avoids the shift from “burning” to “torrential” assumed by LIV.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives ⟨torreō⟩ from [[itc-pro|*tors-eje-|t=to scorch]] and [[ine-pro|*tors-eie-|t=to make dry]], of the root [[m|ine-pro|*ters-|t=dry]], cognate with [[grc|τέρσομαι|tr=térsomai|t=to become dry]] and [[got|𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=þaursjan|t=to be thirsty]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Lucretius has things “burnt up by scorching winds” and a dreamer who drinks “in the midst of a rushing river” and stays thirsty;^(OLD 2012) Köbler gives Varro for the adjective and Livy for the noun.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As an adjective it is scorching or burning hot, as in Lucretius, and flowing headlong, rushing or torrential, of streams.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Ulpian distinguishes rivers that always flow from those that are ''torrentia'', rendering the latter with [[grc|χειμάρρους|tr=kheimárrhous|t=winter torrent]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ As a noun it is a rushing stream or torrent, and also the current of a river, as Columella's river fish tired by the Tiber's opposing current.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Church Latin glosses it “torrent, stream, brook”.^(Stelten 1995) Through French and directly it gave English [[m|en|torrent]] about 1600.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of scorching winds and a rushing river.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses the noun.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella of the Tiber's current.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1600 – English ''torrent''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Burning, scorching, hot.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(of streams)'' Rushing, roaring, [[m|en|torrential]], rapid.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|torrent]], rushing stream; a stream, brook; the current (of a river).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[torreō]]

+ * [[torridus]]

+ * [[en|torrent]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}