emendo Latin · revision 31303

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=116–27 BC, Varro|origins=itc-pro *m(e)ndo-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [eːˈmɛn.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [eˈmɛn.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ēmendō''' (present infinitive ēmendāre, perfect active ēmendāvī, supine ēmendātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|ex-|t=out]] and [[m|la|mendum|t=fault, blemish]] or [[m|la|menda]], with the verb suffix [[m|la|-ō]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives the noun from [[itc-pro|*m(e)ndo-]] and compares [[sga|mennar|t=blemish]] and possibly [[sga|mind|t=sign, mark]]; a link with [[ine-pro|*men-|t=to think]] is only a theoretical possibility.^(de Vaan 2008) The grammarian Eutyches already derived the verb from ⟨menda⟩ or ⟨mendum⟩.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL finds it once in Varro and then in Cicero,^(TLL) who writes that just as a whole state is infected by the vices of its leaders, so it is set right by their self-restraint.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to free a person or a character from faults, correct or reform, to set right a fault, and to correct someone in words, as Phaedrus' “let whoever corrects a more learned man think it is said of himself”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is to correct the errors in a document or text, as Valerius Maximus' hymn that had to be corrected in the public records.^(OLD 2012) It is also to remedy physical defects, as Columella's neglected olive that recovers in one year, and to cure a disease, as in Petronius, and to make up for something, as Nepos' Themistocles whose youthful faults were made good by great virtues.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ The TLL notes it is rare in Cicero, Hirtius and Publilius, becomes common from Horace and is frequent in Pliny's ''Natural History'' and Quintilian.^(TLL) Church Latin glosses it “amend, chastise”.^(Stelten 1995) Through Old French it gave English [[m|en|amend]] in the early 13th century, and it was borrowed as [[m|en|emend]] about 1400.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of reforming the state.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 15 BC–c. 50 AD – Phaedrus of correcting a more learned man.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella of an olive tree.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1400 – Borrowed into English as ''emend''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To free from faults, [[m|en|correct]], improve, [[m|en|reform]]; to criticise (a mistake).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To correct (a text), [[m|en|emend]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To remedy (physical defects); to cure (a disease).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To compensate for, make good;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' to chastise.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[coemendatus]]

+ * [[ēmendābilis]]

+ * [[ēmendātiō]]

+ * [[ēmendātor]]

+ * [[ēmendātrix]]

+ * [[inemendatus]]

+ * [[ēmendātē]]

+ * [[ēmendātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[mendum]]

+ * [[menda]]

+ * [[mendāx]]

+ * [[mendīcus]]

+ * [[corrigō]]

+ * [[en|emend]]

+ * [[en|amend]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''corrigere'', to set right like a strict schoolmaster who makes the crooked straight, from ''ēmendāre'', to improve like an experienced teacher and friend.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}