ultor Latin · revision 31299

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=170–c. 90 BC, Accius|origins=ine-pro *h₃elh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈʊɫ.tɔr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈul.tor]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ultor''' ''m'' (genitive ultōris, feminine ultrīx); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|ulcīscor|t=to avenge]], or its participle ⟨ultus⟩, with the agent suffix [[m|la|-tor]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives the verb from [[itc-pro|*ol-k-|t=to destroy, take revenge]], from [[ine-pro|*h₃elh₁-|t=to perish]], the root of [[m|la|dēleō|t=to destroy]]; he finds a link with [[grc|ἀλκή|tr=alkḗ|t=resistance]] unconvincing, and the traditional derivation is from [[m|la|ulcus|t=sore]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Accius.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is one who exacts retribution, an avenger or punisher, with a genitive of the wrong, of the person avenged or of the one punished, as Cicero's Sicilians who found an avenger of their wrongs and Virgil's ''exoriāre aliquis nostrīs ex ossibus ultor'', “arise, some avenger, from my bones”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In apposition it is almost an adjective, of the means of vengeance, as Propertius' avenging fires of Nauplius and Ovid's boar sent as an avenger.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ''Ultor'', the Avenger, was a title of Mars, in Ovid, Tacitus and Suetonius.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Church Latin glosses it “avenger, punisher”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of the avenger of the Sicilians' wrongs.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil: ''exoriāre aliquis nostrīs ex ossibus ultor''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid of Mars Ultor.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # An [[m|en|avenger]], punisher.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(in apposition)'' Avenging, vengeful.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Ultor'': the Avenger, a title of [[m|en|Mars]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ulcīscor]]

+ * [[ultiō]]

+ * [[ultrīx]]

+ * [[ultus]]

+ * [[inultus]]

+ * [[vindex]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}