sustento Latin · revision 31298

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *ten-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [sʊsˈtɛn.toː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [susˈtɛn.to]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sustentō''' (present infinitive sustentāre, perfect active sustentāvī, supine sustentātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the frequentative of [[m|la|sustineō|t=to hold up]], formed with [[m|la|-tō]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) The base is [[m|la|teneō|t=to hold]] with the prefix [[m|la|subs-|t=up from under]]; de Vaan derives ⟨teneō⟩ from [[itc-pro|*t(e)nē-|t=to hold]] and [[ine-pro|*tn-eh₁-|t=to hold]], a stative of the root [[m|ine-pro|*ten-|t=to stretch]].^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[xum|tenitu|t=let him hold]], [[grc|τείνω|tr=teínō|t=to stretch]] and [[sa|तनोति|tr=tanóti|t=stretches]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus is the earliest author in the OLD, whose Hegio thanks the gods for freeing him from the miseries he had endured without his son, in the ''Captivi''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to hold up or support, as Lucilius' head held up by the neck, though Lewis and Short find this literal use only in poetry and post-Augustan prose.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) More often it is to keep a person, an institution or a state of affairs from failing, as Cicero's trade “kept up by crowds of citizens”, to sustain with comfort, and to provide someone with food or money, as Terence's “he alone keeps the whole household”, or to stave off hunger, as Caesar's troops.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ It is also to bear up against hardship, as in Plautus, to keep in check, as Cicero's witness who keeps himself in hand and weighs every word, and to hold up or delay an event.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Church Latin glosses it “maintain, support, hold up, sustain”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of enduring miseries.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence of keeping a household.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 180–102 BC – Lucilius of a head held up by the neck.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of sustaining and of restraint.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To hold up, [[m|en|support]], prop.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To keep from failing, [[m|en|sustain]]; to comfort; to keep up (an activity).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|maintain]], provide for (with food, money); to stave off (hunger).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To bear up against, endure.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To hold in check, restrain; to put off, delay.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[sustentāculum]]

+ * [[sustentātiō]]

+ * [[sustentatus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sustineō]]

+ * [[teneō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein sets ''ferre'', which considers only the burden borne, against ''tolerāre'' and ''patī'', which look at the one who bears it.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}