invicem Latin · revision 31283

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=c. 50 BC, Caesar|origins=ine-pro *uik-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈɪn.wɪ.kẽː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈiɱ.vi.t͡ʃem]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''invicem''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+ It is often written separately, ''in vicem'', and the poets split it as ''inque vicem''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[m|la|in|t=in, into]] with ⟨vicem⟩, the accusative of [[m|la|vicis|t=turn, change]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives ⟨vicis⟩ from [[itc-pro|*wik-|t=turn]] and [[ine-pro|*uik-|t=a turn]], perhaps from a root “to tie, turn” shared with [[m|la|vinciō|t=to bind]].^(de Vaan 2008) In Late and Medieval Latin the adverb was reinterpreted as an accusative and used as a pronoun.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler gives Caesar as its first author,^(Köbler 2010) who says of the Suebi that the men at home are under arms “in their turn” the next year, while the others stay at home.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ With a genitive it is in place of, as Livy's foot soldiers taking the empty horses of fallen riders.^(OLD 2012) It is in one's turn, as in Caesar, each for or against the other, mutually, as Livy's minds that should not be stirred against each other, and by turns or alternately, as in Hirtius.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ In Late and Medieval Latin it is also a pronoun, each other,^(Wiktionary) and Church Latin has ''ad invicem'', among themselves.^(Stelten 1995) Köbler finds it often in the law codes and formulae.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar in the sense “in turn”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Hirtius in the sense “alternately”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy in the sense “mutually”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''(with genitive)'' In place of.^(OLD 2012)

+ # In one's turn, each in turn.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Mutually, [[m|en|reciprocally]], each other.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # By turns, [[m|en|alternately]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # ''(Late Latin, Medieval Latin)'' Each other;^(Wiktionary) ''ad invicem'', among themselves.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vicis]]

+ * [[vicissim]]

+ * [[mūtuō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''vicissim'', a succession, on the other hand and in turn, from ''invicem'' and ''mūtuō'', a mutual acting and suffering between two parties.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}