castigo Latin · revision 31274

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=itc-pro *kas-ē-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kasˈtiː.ɡoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [kasˈtiː.ɡo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''castīgō''' (present infinitive castīgāre, perfect active castīgāvī, supine castīgātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|castus|t=pure]] with a verb ending as in [[m|la|fatīgō|t=to tire]], from [[m|la|agō|t=to drive, do]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) De Vaan lists it with ⟨castus⟩ under [[m|la|careō|t=to lack, be free from]], whose participle ⟨castus⟩ was first “free from”; he derives the verb from [[itc-pro|*kas-ē-|t=to lack]] and finds no certain cognates outside Italic.^(de Vaan 2008) The TLL leaves open whether it belongs with ⟨castus⟩ or rather with [[sa|शास्ति|tr=śāsti|t=instructs, chastises]].^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) who has “to castigate a friend for a deserved fault is a thankless deed” in the ''Trinummus''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to correct or try to correct, to reprimand or dress down, and to criticise faults, as Cicero's “let us also castigate men's sloth and idleness”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) It is also to chastise by punishment, as Plautus' “he'll chastise them with ox-hides”, and with the fault as object, as in Livy.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) In Seneca it is to correct or curb a desire.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “reprove, punish, chastise, correct”.^(Stelten 1995) Through Old French ''chastiier'' it gave English [[m|en|chastise]] about 1300 and the verb behind [[m|en|chasten]], while [[m|en|castigate]], about 1600, is taken from its participle.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of reproving a friend and of beating.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of castigating sloth.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca of curbing desires.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''chastise'', through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+ * c. 1600 – English ''castigate''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To correct, [[m|en|reprimand]], reprove, rebuke.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To [[m|en|chastise]], punish.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To correct, check, curb.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[castīgābilis]]

+ * [[castīgātiō]]

+ * [[castīgātor]]

+ * [[castīgātōrius]]

+ * [[concastīgō]]

+ * [[incastīgātus]]

+ * [[castīgātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[castus]]

+ * [[careō]]

+ * [[purgō]]

+ * [[en|castigate]]

+ * [[en|chastise]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}