rigidus Latin · revision 31268

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=204–169 BC, Ennius|origins=ine-pro *Hriǵ-eh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈrɪ.ɡɪ.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈriː.d͡ʒi.dus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rigidus''' (feminine rigida, neuter rigidum, comparative rigidior); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|rigeō|t=to be stiff]] with the suffix [[m|la|-idus]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives ⟨rigeō⟩ from [[itc-pro|*rig-ē-]] and [[ine-pro|*Hriǵ-eh₁-|t=to be stretched, be stiff]], cognate with [[sga|rigid|t=stretches]] and [[ang|rǣcan|t=to reach]]; he notes that the adjective is attested earlier than the verb, and rejects both a derivation from [[m|la|regō|t=to direct]] and Walde and Hofmann's link with [[m|la|frīgus|t=cold]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler gives Ennius as its first author.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is stiff or rigid, unbending, as Livy's runners “with stiff neck and head stretched out”, of surfaces unyielding, of sculpture wooden or lacking grace, as Cicero's statues of Canachus too stiff to imitate reality, and of the eyes set.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is stiff with frost or ice, as Virgil's earth frozen by the north wind, of limbs numb, and of water ice-cold.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is also stiffly erect, as Cicero's ibises with their stiff legs, of hair standing on end, and of the penis.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Of people it is rough or primitive in their way of life, as Horace's ''rigidī Getae'', and stern, strict or inflexible, as Horace's “strict guardian of true virtue” and Livy's Cato of rigid integrity.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Lewis and Short find it mostly in poetry and post-Augustan prose.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Church Latin glosses it “rigid, stiff, unbending”.^(Stelten 1995) English [[m|en|rigid]] was taken from it in the early 15th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of stiff statues and stiff legs.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of frozen earth.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace of rugged Getae and a strict guardian of virtue.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – English ''rigid''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|stiff|alt=Stiff]], [[m|en|rigid]], unbending, hard;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''(of art)'' wooden.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Stiff with cold, frozen; numb; ice-cold.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Stiffly erect; bristling.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Rough, rugged, primitive.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Stern, strict, [[m|en|inflexible]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[praerigidus]]

+ * [[rigiditās]]

+ * [[rigidē]]

+ * [[rigidō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[rigefaciō]]

+ * [[rigēns]]

+ * [[rigeō]]

+ * [[rigēscō]]

+ * [[rigor]]

+ * [[rigōrātus]]

+ * [[dūrus]]

+ * [[sevērus]]

+ * [[en|rigid]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}