profundus Latin · revision 31265

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=204–169 BC, Ennius|origins=ine-pro *bʰudʰ-n-ó-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [prɔˈfʊn.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [proˈfun.dus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''profundus''' (feminine profunda, neuter profundum, comparative profundior, superlative profundissimus); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|prō-|t=forward, far]] and [[m|la|fundus|t=bottom]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) The ancient grammarians already took it as a possessive compound, “whose bottom is far away”, so that it was first said of the sea.^(TLL) De Vaan derives ⟨fundus⟩ from [[itc-pro|*fundo-]] and [[ine-pro|*bʰudʰ-n-ó-|t=bottom]], with the nasal moved by metathesis, cognate with [[sa|बुध्न|tr=budhná-|t=bottom, root]], [[grc|πυθμήν|tr=puthmḗn|t=bottom]] and [[ang|botm|t=bottom]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler gives Ennius as its first author,^(Köbler 2010) who has ''caelus profundus'', the boundless sky.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is extending a long way down, deep or bottomless, of seas and swamps, as Cicero's ''mare profundum et immēnsum'', of valleys and chasms, as Sallust's earth that gaped in deep clefts, of wine drunk without limit, and of a deep voice.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) It is situated far below the surface, especially of the underworld and its people, and stretching far inwards, as Lucretius' deep forests, of darkness thick.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Of the heavens it is boundless, as in Ennius and Lucretius' ''ināne profundum'', of desires insatiable, as Cicero's ''profundae libīdinēs'', and of knowledge abstruse or mysterious, as in Manilius; of states it is profound or intense, as Apuleius' “deep love”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) The neuter ''profundum'' is used as a noun, depth.^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary) Church Latin glosses it “deep, profound, vast, bottomless, boundless”,^(Stelten 1995) and medieval Latin “profound, abstruse, inscrutable”.^(Niermeyer 1976) Through Old French and directly it gave English [[m|en|profound]] about 1300.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius of the boundless sky.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of deep forests and the boundless void.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 86–34 BC – Sallust of deep chasms.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of the deep sea and insatiable desires.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''profound''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|deep|alt=Deep]], bottomless;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''(of a voice)'' deep.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Far below the surface; of the underworld; stretching far inwards;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) ''(of darkness)'' thick.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Boundless, vast;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''(of desires)'' insatiable.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Abstruse, mysterious, [[m|en|profound]]; intense.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[profunditās]]

+ * [[profundum]]

+ * [[profundē]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fundus]]

+ * [[altus]]

+ * [[abyssus]]

+ * [[en|profound]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}