confundo Latin · revision 31262

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *ǵʰu-n-d-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kõːˈfʊn.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [koɱˈfun.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cōnfundō''' (present infinitive cōnfundere, perfect active cōnfūdī, supine cōnfūsum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|con-|t=together]] and [[m|la|fundō|t=to pour]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives ⟨fundō⟩ from [[itc-pro|*χund-]] and the nasal present [[ine-pro|*ǵʰu-n-d-|t=to pour]], cognate with [[grc|χέω|tr=khéō|t=to pour]] and [[got|𐌲𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽|tr=giutan|t=to pour]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL finds it first in Plautus,^(TLL) where a cook “pours many sauces together” in the ''Mostellaria'';^(OLD 2012) Cato tells the farmer to pour a mixture into a pitched jar.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to pour into a vessel, to pour together or mix, to stir up, as Ovid's Medea stirring everything with an olive branch, and of voices to mingle.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is to join so as to make one, combine or blend, as Cicero's “it is hard to combine both”, and in Horace ''proelia cōnfundere'', to join battle; it is also to spread over, as Cicero's quality to be spread through the whole speech.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ From mixing it came to mean to throw into disorder or confuse, as Cicero's books of Homer, earlier in disorder, that Pisistratus arranged, to ruin by upsetting, as in Lucretius, and to blur or make indistinct, as Lucretius' words blurred by passing through much air.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) It is to confuse a point, a person or his memory, as in Livy and Columella, and to fail to keep things distinct.^(OLD 2012) Ancient glossaries render it with [[grc|συγχέω|tr=sunkhéō|t=to pour together, confound]], ''misceō'' and ''conturbō''.^(TLL) Church Latin glosses it “put to shame, confound, confuse, disturb”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ Through Anglo-French ''confoundre'' it gave English [[m|en|confound]] about 1300, and English [[m|en|confuse]] in the 1550s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of a cook mixing sauces.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato of pouring into a jar.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of combining and of confused books.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''confound''.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1550s – English ''confuse''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To pour (into); to pour together, mix, mingle.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To combine, unite, blend;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) ''proelia cōnfundere'', to join battle.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To spread over, diffuse.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To throw into disorder, [[m|en|confuse]], [[m|en|confound]]; to ruin.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To blur, obscure; to perplex; to fail to distinguish.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' To put to shame.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[confūsāneus]]

+ * [[confūsīcius]]

+ * [[confūsim]]

+ * [[cōnfūsiō]]

+ * [[incōnfūsus]]

+ * [[cōnfūsibilis]]

+ * [[cōnfūsibiliter]]

+ * [[cōnfūsus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fundō]]

+ * [[diffundō]]

+ * [[effundō]]

+ * [[circumfundō]]

+ * [[misceō]]

+ * [[en|confound]]

+ * [[en|confuse]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}