denarius Latin · revision 31256

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=116–27 BC, Varro|origins=ine-pro *déḱm̥}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [deːˈnaː.ri.ʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [deˈnaː.ri.us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dēnārius''' ''m'' (genitive dēnāriī or dēnārī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ The genitive plural is usually ''dēnāriōrum'', but ''dēnārium'' in the partitive genitive, and a neuter ''dēnārium'' is also found.^(OLD 2012)

+ It is abbreviated ''den'' and written with the sign X̶.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|dēnī|t=ten each]] with the suffix [[m|la|-ārius]]; the noun is short for [[m|la|nummus|t=coin]] with the adjective, the coin “containing ten” asses.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Etymonline)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives the numeral [[m|la|decem|t=ten]] from [[itc-pro|*dekm]] and [[ine-pro|*déḱm̥|t=ten]], cognate with [[osc|δεκμας|tr=dekmas|t=tithe]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL finds it from Varro and Cicero on, perhaps already in Plautus;^(TLL) Varro writes that a ''libella'' is a tenth of the ''nummus dēnārius''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As an adjective it is containing or related to the number ten, as ''fistula dēnāria'', a pipe ten inches round, in Vitruvius and Pliny the Elder.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) With ''nummus'' or alone it is the denarius, the silver coin first worth ten asses, as Livy's Campanians ordered to pay 450 denarii; a Pompeian inscription seems to use it of bread worth a denarius.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) It is also a measure of weight, as in Celsus, and ''dēnārius aureus'' is a gold coin worth 25 silver denarii, as in Petronius.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin has ''dēnārius Sānctī Petrī'', Peter's pence.^(Stelten 1995) Köbler finds it throughout the early medieval law codes and capitularies.^(Köbler 2010) English [[m|en|denarius]] was borrowed in the 1570s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro of the ''nummus dēnārius''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of a fine in denarii.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * before 66 AD – Petronius of gold denarii.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1570s – Borrowed into English.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|denarius]], a Roman silver coin, worth ten asses.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)^(Etymonline)

+ # A measure of weight;^(OLD 2012) ''dēnārius aureus'', a gold coin worth 25 denarii.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' ''dēnārius Sānctī Petrī'', [[m|en|Peter's pence]].^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Containing ten, of ten, [[m|en|denary]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dēnī]]

+ * [[decem]]

+ * [[sēstertius]]

+ * [[as]]

+ * [[en|denarius]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}