triumpho Latin · revision 31233

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|origins=grc θρίαμβος}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [triˈʊm.pʰoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [triˈum.fo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''triumphō''' (present infinitive triumphāre, perfect active triumphāvī, supine triumphātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|triumphus|t=triumph]] with the verbal suffix [[m|la|-ō]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) The OLD derives ⟨triumphus⟩, older ⟨triumpus⟩, from the ritual cry ⟨triumphe⟩, Wiktionary traces it, by way of an Etruscan form, to [[grc|θρίαμβος|tr=thríambos|t=hymn to Dionysus]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Its first examples in the OLD are inscribed ''elogia'' of Roman generals: “having subdued the Volsci, he triumphed for the third time”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is above all of a victorious Roman general celebrating a triumph, with ''dē'' or ''ex'' of the defeated people, as in the ''elogia'', “he triumphed over the Sabines”, Cicero has Albucius, who held a triumph in Sardinia on his own authority and was condemned at Rome.^(OLD 2012) Of soldiers it is to take part in the procession, and in the passive to be led in triumph, as Virgil's “peoples twice triumphed over”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ By transfer it is to exult, as Cicero's Verres who rejoiced and triumphed while all groaned, and to win a notable success, as Terence's “I triumph if I can get away safe”.^(OLD 2012) Church Latin glosses it “triumph”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence of “I triumph”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of exulting over others.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of conquered peoples.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English [[m|en|triumph]], from the noun ''triumphus'' by way of Old French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To celebrate a [[m|en|triumph]] (over); to hold a victory procession.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To take part in a triumph, ''(passive)'' to be led in triumph.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|exult]] (over).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To achieve a notable success.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[detriumpho]]

+ * [[triumphātor]]

+ * [[triumphātōrius]]

+ * [[triumphālis]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[triumphus]]

+ * [[ovō]]

+ * [[en|triumph]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Lewis and Short compare [[ovō]], to celebrate the lesser triumph, the ''ovātiō''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}