impendo Latin · revision 31219

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *(s)pend-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɪmˈpɛn.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [imˈpɛn.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''impendō''' (present infinitive impendere, perfect active impendī, supine impēnsum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''inpendō''.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|in-|t=in, into]] and [[m|la|pendō|t=to weigh out, pay]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives ⟨pendō⟩ from [[itc-pro|*pende-|t=to hang, weigh]], perhaps [[ine-pro|*(s)pend-|t=to spin]]; the transitive verb went from “to hang up” to “to weigh out” and “to pay”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus is its first author,^(Köbler 2010) with ''nōn hoc impendit pūblicum?'', “doesn't the public pay for this?”, in the ''Stichus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to pay out or spend money, and by transfer to devote care, labour, time or other resources to a purpose, as Livy's “so that the effort spent may help my plan” and Seneca's life “spent on nothing good”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It can stress the sacrifice involved, as in the declamation “so the son was sacrificed”, or mean to waste, as Valerius Flaccus' “do not waste vain prayers”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “lay out, expend, spend; use; devote, apply”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of public spending.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of effort spent.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca of time spent.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To pay out, [[m|en|spend]], [[m|en|expend]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To devote (care, labour, time, resources) to.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To sacrifice; to spend to no purpose, waste.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[impendium]]

+ * [[impēnsa]]

+ * [[impensus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[impendeō]]

+ * [[pendō]]

+ * [[expendō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ It is distinct from ''impendeō'', “to hang over”, the source of English ''impend''.^(Etymonline)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}