eruo Latin · revision 31215

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=234–149 BC, Cato|origins=ine-pro *(H)rewH-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈeː.ru.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈɛː.ru.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ēruō''' (present infinitive ēruere, perfect active ēruī, supine ērutum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Manuscripts also have ''heruō'' and, before vowels, ''erb-''.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|ex-|t=out]] and [[m|la|ruō]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan lists it under ⟨ruō⟩ “to dig”, from [[itc-pro|*rowe-]] and [[ine-pro|*(H)rewH-|t=to tear out, dig]], cognate with [[lt|ráuti|t=to tear out, pull]] and [[ru|рыть|tr=rytʹ|t=to dig]]; he notes that its derivatives were mixed up with those of ⟨ruō⟩ “to rush”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan gives Cato as its first author,^(de Vaan 2008) who tells the farmer to rake out the ash from one stoke-hole while the fire burns in the other.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to dig up or pull out by force, of gold and gems, as Ovid's “we dug gold out of the earth instead of crops”, of plants uprooted, as Catullus' oak torn up by a whirlwind, and of eyes torn out.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Figuratively it is to unearth what is hidden or forgotten, as Cicero's thoughts “dug out of some hiding place”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It also means to turn the ground by digging, to churn the sea with oars, and to raze a city, as Virgil's Neptune overturning Troy from its foundations.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “pluck out, tear away” and also “deliver, rescue, save”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato of raking out ash.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro of rakes that turn the soil.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of unearthing thoughts.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of razing Troy.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To dig up, pluck out; to [[m|en|uproot]]; to tear out (the eyes).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To [[m|en|unearth|alt=Unearth]], bring to light, find out.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To turn (the ground) by digging; to churn (the sea).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|raze]]; to destroy utterly.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' To deliver, [[m|en|rescue]].^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ruō]]

+ * [[dīruō]]

+ * [[rutrum]]

+ * [[effodiō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}