exter Latin · revision 31212

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=96–55 BC, Lucretius|origins=ine-pro *h₁eǵʰs}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈɛk.stɛr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈɛk.ster]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''exter''' (feminine extera, neuter exterum, comparative exterior, superlative extrēmus or extimus); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)^(Wiktionary)

+ The masculine nominative singular is rare;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis and Short also give ''exterus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*eksteros]], [[inh|ine-pro|*h₁eǵʰsteros]], formed from [[m|ine-pro|*h₁éǵʰs|t=out]] with the contrastive suffix [[m|ine-pro|*-teros]].^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) De Vaan derives [[m|la|ex|t=out of]] from [[m|itc-pro|*eks]] and gives the superlatives ⟨extimus⟩, from ⟨*ekstamo-⟩, and ⟨extrēmus⟩, which replaced it; [[osc|ehtrad|t=outside]] has the form without /s/.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler gives Lucretius as its first author,^(Köbler 2010) who has ''vīs extera'', “a force from outside”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is outside or external, and ''mare exterum'' is the ocean as against the Mediterranean, as in Seneca.^(OLD 2012) It is also of another nation or family, foreign, as in an early law on “Latins or foreign nations”, and as a noun a stranger, as Columella's dogs that should snarl at strangers.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis and Short note that the masculine nominative is post-classical and very rare.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “outward, external, foreign, strange”.^(Stelten 1995) Köbler records it in early medieval laws and charters.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of an outside force.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca has ''mare exterum''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella of strangers.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Outside, [[m|en|external]], outer;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) ''mare exterum'', the ocean.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of another nation or family, [[m|en|foreign]];^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995) ''(as a noun)'' a stranger.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[exterius]]

+ * [[externus]]

+ * [[extrā]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ex]]

+ * [[exterior]]

+ * [[extrēmus]]

+ * [[extimus]]

+ * [[extrāneus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}